Textual Pragmatic and

Equivalence

- Introduction to Translation Interpreting -

English Education Department 2018
Class B

Ferdian Hari Sufiandi (18202241054)

Anindya Citra Apsari (18202244038)
Indra Wakhidatul Audriyanti (18202241080)
What we will discuss for today
A Translation properly defined

B
Textual equivalence: Cohesion

C
Pragmatic equivalence
 A. Translation
Properly Defined
Between the resultant text in the
Target Language text and the Source
Language text there exists a relation-
ship which can be designated as a
translational, or equivalence, relation.
(1995:196)
-Koller
What the Meaning of
Equivalence?
In translation terms, equivalence
is a term used to refer to the
nature and extent of the
relationships between SL and TL
texts or smaller linguistic units.
 B. Textual Equivalence: Cohesion
Cohesion is the network of lexical, gramatical,
and other relation which provide links between
various parts of a text.

Reference

Substitution

Ellipsis

Conjunction
Lexical Coheison
1. Reference
The term reference is traditionally use in semantics for the relationship
which holds between a word and what it points to in the real world.

Reference is limited here to the relationship of identity which holds

between to linguistics expression.

The most common reference items are pronouns. English also uses items such
as the, this, and those to establish similar links between expression in the text.

Allows the reader or the hearer to trace participants, entities, events in a text

Some countries prefer to use proper names to trace participant through a

discourse. It is happened in Brazilian, Portuguese language.
2. Subtitution and Ellipsis
Subtitutions and ellipsis are grammatical rather than semantic relationship. In
subtitution, and item is replaced by another item.

Items commomly used in subtitution in english include do, one, the same.

The example
1. A: you think Joan already knows?
B : I think everybody does (does replaces knows)
2. A : I’ll have to poached eggs on toast, please
B : I’ll have the same ( the same replaces to poached egges on toast)
2. Subtitution and Ellipsis
Ellipsis is the omission of one or more words that are obviously
understood but that must be supplied to make a construction grammatical
ly complete.

The example:
Joan brought some carnations, and Catherine some sweet peas. (ellipted
item: brought in second clause)

Here are thirteen cards. Take any. Now give me any three. (ellipted items:
card after any in second clause and cards after any three in third clause)
3. Conjunction
The use of formal markers to relate sentences, clauses, and
paragraph to each other.
(a) additive and, or, also, in addition, furthermore, besides, similarly,
likewise, by contrast, for instance

(b) adversative but, yet, however, instead, on the other hand,

nevertheless, at any rate, as a matter of fact

(c) causal so, consequently, it follows, for, because, under the

circumstances, for this reason

(d) temporal then, next, after that, on another occasion, in

conclusion, an hour later, fi nally, at last

(e) continuatives
(miscellaneous) now, of course, well, anyway, surely, after all
 A number of points need to be borne in mind here.
1. First, the same conjunction may be used to signal different
relations, depending on the context.

2. Second, these relations can be expressed by a variety of means.

3. Third, conjunctive relations do not just reflect relations between

external phenomena but may also be set up to reflect relations.
3. Lexical Cohesion
Refers to the role played by the selection of vocabulary in organizing
relations whithin a text.
Lexical coohesion into two mine categories :
a. Reiteration
As the name suggests involves repetition of lexical items. A reiterated item may be
repetition of earlier item, synonym or near synonym, a superordinate, or a general word.

Example:
There's a boy climbing that tree.
a. The boy is going to fall if he doesn't take care (repetition)
b. The lad's going to fall if he doesn't take care. (synonim)
c. The child's going to fall if he doesn't take care. (superordinate)
d. The idiot's going to fall if he doesn't take care (general word)
b. Collocation
As a sub-class of lexical cohesion which involves a pair of lexical item
that are asociated with each other in the language in some way.
- Various kinds of oppositeness of meaning: e.g.
boy/girl; love/hate; order/obey.

- Associations between pairs of words from the same ordered series:

e.g.Tuesday/Thursday; August/December; dollar/cent.

- Associations between pairs of words from unordered lexical sets:

e.g.part–whole relations: car/brake; body/arm; bicycle/wheel

- Part–part relations: mouth/chin; verse/chorus;co-hyponymy: red/green

(colour); chair/table (furniture).

- Associations based on a history of co-occurrence

(collocation proper)
 C. What is Pragmatic Equivalence
Pragmatic equivalence refers to words in both languages
having the same effect on the readers in both languages.
Types of Equivalence Referential when the words in the
source language (SL) refer to the same objects in the
world as the words in the target language (TL).

1. Coherence

2. Coherence and Processes of Interpretation:

Implicature

3. Coherence, Implicature, and Translation,

Strategies
 1. Coherence
 The network of conceptual relations which underline the surface
text as perceived by the language users.
(a) I love her because (b) this jeans is red

Eventhough there is a conjunction (because) to suggest the effect of these 2

clauses, it is really difficult to know the logical reason why (b) is the cause o
(a). The mere presence of cohesive markers, such as linkers or llexical chains,
is not sufficient to create a coherent text

So, Coherence is mostly receiver-centred. It depends on the ability of the

hearer/reader to interpret a stretch of language on the basis of his/her
expectations and experience of the world. Which, in their turn, are influenced
by the society he/she lives in.
 1. Coherence
 Coherence is a result of knowlede described in the text and receiver's
own knowledge and experience.
Real Madrid struggled at the start of the season. The 13 times UEFA Champi
ons League winner suffered several defeats and draws.
We have to know that Real Madrid and 13 times UEFA Champions League winner
is the same ‘thing'. So, to get the information of it, the readers must know that
Real Madrid is the 13 times UEFA Champions League winner by watching some
football news, following the world of football and so on.
If a translation of the sentence were addressed to a public who is not likely to
have done any of the above mentioned things, the translator would probably ha
ve to intervene and modify it, for instance in the following way:

Real Madrid struggled at the start of the season. They suffered several defeats
and draws.
 2. Coherence and Processes of Interpretation: Implicature
Implicature refers to what the speaker means or implies rather than what s/he
literally says.
Look at this conversation :
A: Shall we go for a walk?
B: Could I take a rain check on that?

The successful interpretation of B’s response depends on knowing the

conventional meaning of take a rain check in American English (‘to decline to
accept an offer or invitation immediately but indicate willingness to accept it at a
later Date’).
Another example :
“ Some dogs are mamals”
By saying some dogs are mamals, the speaker conveys by implicature that not all
dogs are mamals.
 Implied meaning, which is not signalled conventionally, derives from the Co-oper
ative Principle (by Grice) and a number of maxims associated:

a. Quantity b. Quality c. Relevance d. Manner

(a) Make your ‘Try to make your Be perspicuous;
contribution as inf contribution one specifi cally,
mative as is require that is true’; Make your (a) Avoid obscurity
d (for the current specifi cally, contributions of expression.
purposes of the (a) Do not say what relevant to the (b) Avoid ambiguity
exchange). you believe to be current .
(b) Do not make false. exchange. (c) Be brief (avoid
your contribution (b) Do not say that unnecessary
more informative for which you lack prolixity).
than is required. adequate evidence. (d) Be orderly.
 3. Coherence, Implicature, and Translation,
Strategies
1. The conventional meanings of words and structures and the
identity of references

2. The Cooperative Principle and its maxims

3. The context of the utterance

4. Other items of background knowledge

5. The availability of all relevant items

CONCLUSION
Textual pragmatics and equivalence used
as in translation to derivied the meaning of
the text and the implicated meaning of the
text from the Source Language to Target
language, then the translator could derive t
THANK YOU!
he text to the receiver in the right meaning
and context.
Do you have any question?
THANK YOU!
Do you have any question?