 Defines a research.

 Describes the characteristics of a

good research.
 Identify the processes of conducting
a research.
 Enumerate the ethics of conducting
a research.
 Defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena
which includes collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of facts that lines an individual‘s
speculation with reality. (Calmorin and Calmorin,
2007).
 Aims to give solution or improvement to an identified
problem in the context.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or
observation by the researcher.
2. Logical.
Research is based
on valid
procedures and
principles.
3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical
process because it starts with a
problem and ends with a problem.
4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical
procedures in gathering the data, whether historical,
descriptive, and experimental and case study.
5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise
judgment.
6. Methodical.
Research is
conducted in a
methodical manner
without bias using
systematic method
and procedures.
 7.Replicability.
The research
design and
procedures are
replicated or
repeated to enable
the researcher to
arrive at valid and
conclusive results.
1. Concern for context
and meaning
2. Naturally occurring
settings
3. Humans as
Instruments
4. Descriptive Data
5. Emergent Design
1. Library research
2. Field research
3.Laboratory
research
 Research Oriented
 Efficient
 Scientific
 Effective
 Active
 Resourceful
 Creative
 Honest
 Economical
 Religious
The human element of
qualitative inquiry
both strength and
weaknesses..
.. Its strength is fully
using human insight
and experience;
 its weakness is being
so heavily dependent on
the researcher’s skill,
training, intellect,
discipline and creativity.
.. The researcher is the
instrument of qualitative
inquiry, so the quality of the
research depends heavily on the
qualities of the human being.
(Farooq, M., et al.2011)
“ETHICS” – norms for
conduct that distinguish
between ACCEPTABLE &
UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR.
(Resmik, 2015)
“ETHICS” – a method,
procedure or perspective
for deciding how to act
and for analyzing complex
problems and issues.
To be ethical, a research
project needs to be
designed to create valid
outcomes if it is believed
to be pursuing truth.
Research that is
untrustworthy is
unethical.
Researchers are ethically bound to
maintain the privacy of participants
including confidentiality for any
information they give and
anonymity for their identity (Baez,
2002).
Ethics as important component in research writing shows the
following functions:
1. Norms promote the
aims of research such
as knowledge, truth
and evidence of error.
2. Ethical standards promote
the values that are essential
to collaborative work such as
trust, accountability, mutual
respect and fairness.
3. Ethical norms ensure
that researchers can be
held accountable to the
public
4. Ethical norms in
research that helps build
public support quality
and integrity of
research.
SOME ETHICAL
PRINCIPLES
Honesty
Objectivity
Integrity
Carefulness
Openness
Respect for Intellectual Property
Confidentiality
 Principles of
Research Ethics
Research ethics are
based on three
fundamental
principles:
1. RESPECT FOR
PERSONS
Peopleshould be
treated as
autonomous
People with
diminished autonomy
should be protected
2. Beneficence
Do no harm
Maximize benefits for
participants and
minimize risks for
participants
3. Justice
• The first chapter of the research is entitled the problem or
the problem and its background its purpose is to
introduce the problem clarify important variables and
delimitation, and its significance to the field study. It has
the following essential elements.
• INTRODUCTION
• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
• SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
• SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
• NOTES IN CHAPTER I
 GENERALLY THE TITLE;
1. SHOULD SUMMARIZE THE MAIN IDEA OF THE
PAPER;
2. SHOULD BE A CONCISE STATEMENT OF THE
MAIN TOPIC;
3. MUST INCLUDE THE MAJOR VARIABLE/S.
4. SHOULD SHOW THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE
MAIN VARIABLES UNDER STUDY; AND
5. MUST BE SELF-EXPLANATORY.
 1. IN FORMULATING THE TITLE THE RESEARCHER SHOULD
AVOID USING WORDS THAT SERVE NO USEFUL PURPOSES
AND CAN MISLEAD INDEXERS. WORDS SUCH AS METHODS,
RRESULTS, AND INVESTIGATIONS APPEAR REDUNDANT
WHEN USED IN THESIS TITLES
2. IN MANY CASES, THE GENERAL PROBLEM
OR EVEN THE SPECIFIC QUESTION THAT THE
RESEARCHER INTENDS TO ANSWER, WHEN
REWRITTEN IN A STATEMENT FORMS CAN
SERVE AS THE TITLE.

3.THE TITLE MUST HAVE 10 TO 15 WORDS

1. TESTING THE EFFICIENCT MARKET HYPOTHESIS ON THE PHILIPPINE PESO-
DOLLAR RATES
2. THE IMPACT OF THE EUCHARISTIC CELEBRATION ON THE YOUTH OF
BARANGAY AMSIC ANGELES CITY 2001-2002
3. FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEARNING STYLES OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT
4. EVALUATION OF THE SERVICES OF BANKO SENTRAL NG PILIPINAS
5. MANAGERIAL SKILLS AND DIFFICULTIES OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
MANAGERS
6. PRINCIPAL’S LEADERSHIP CAPACITIES AS PERCEIVED BY TEACHERS
7. CORRELATES OF ENGLISH PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN SELECTED
SCHOOL
8. EFFECTIVENESS OF INFORMATION EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION IN
THE AWARENESS OF BREAST FEEDING AMONG NURSING MOTHERS
 RESEARCH PROBLEMS ARE COMMONLY FOUND IN PLACES WHERE
THERE IS/ ARE
1. DISCOMFORT
2. PERCIEVED DIFFICULTIES IN THE MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP
SYTEM
3. GAP BETWEEN THE THEORY AND THE PRACTICE

4. DAILY EXPERIENCES OF A PERSON THAT REQUIRE FURTHER INQUIRY

ESPECIALLY IF IMPROVEMENTS ARE DESIRED; AND / OR
5. A PROCEDURE THAT REQUIRES TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED
EQUIPMENT WHICH NEED TO FUNCTION PROPERLY.
A. EXTERNALCRITERIA
1. NOVELTY- IS THE PRACTICAL VALUE OF THE PROBLEM DUE TO ITS
“NEWNESS”
 IN THE FIELD OF INQUIRY.
2. AVAILABILITY OF SUBJECT- REFERS TO PEOPLE WITH DESIRED
CAPABILITY AND WILLINGNESS TO PARTICIPATE IN THE STUDY:THE
SAMPLE OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS MUST BE REPRESENTATIVE ENOUGH
TO ENSURE RELIABLITY AND VALIDITY OF RESULT.
3. ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT- REFERS TO THE SPONSORSHIP BY A
DEPARTMENT OR THE INSTITUTION ITSELF IN THE GATHERING OF
DATA AND DEFRAYING THE COST OF THE STUDY.
AVAILABILITY AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS-
 PROBLEM / OBJECTIVES

HYPOTHESES

THEORETICAL/ CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

ASSUMPTIONS

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

RESEARCH DESIGN

DATA
COLLECTION

DATA PROCESSING AND STATISTICAL

TREATMENT

ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS

Ethics generally is considered to deal
with beliefs about what is right or
wrong, proper or improper, good or
bad. According to a dictionary
definition (Webster‘s 1968), to be
ethical is to conform to accepted
professional practice.
 Honesty
Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly
report data, results, methods and procedures, and
publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent
data. Do not deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the
public.
 Objectivity
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis,
data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant
writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research
where objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or
minimize bias or self-deception. Disclose personal or
financial interests that may affect research.
 Integrity
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive
for consistency of thought and action.
 Carefulness
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically
examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good
records of research activities, such as data collection, research
design, and correspondence with agencies or journals.
 Openness
Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to
criticism and new ideas.
 Respect for Intellectual Property
Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual
property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results
without permission. Give proper acknowledgement or
credit for all contributions to research. Never plagiarize.
 Confidentiality
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or
grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade
or military secrets, and patient records.
 Responsible Publication
Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to
advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative
publication.
 Responsible Mentoring
Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their
welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.
 Respect for colleagues
Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.
 Social Responsibility
Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate
social harms through research, public education, and
advocacy.
 Non-Discrimination
Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on
the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors not
related to scientific competence and integrity.
 Competence
Maintain and improve your own professional
competence and expertise through lifelong education
and learning; take steps to promote competence in
science as a whole.
 Legality
Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and
governmental policies.
1. Deceiving a respondent about the true purpose of a
study
2. Asking a respondent questions that cause him or her
extreme embarrassment; guilt emotional turmoil by
remaining him or her of an unpleasant experience
3. Invading the privacy of a respondent
4. Studying the respondents or research subjects
without their knowledge
5. When analyzing the data—revealing only part of the
facts, presenting facts out of context, falsifying
findings or offering misleading presentation such as
lying with statistics
Identify the term described in the following sentence.
1. Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to
criticism and new ideas.
2. Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to
advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative
publication.
3. Research follow a process.
4. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
5. Research starts with a problem and ends with a problem.

Enumerate at least 5 Ethics in Conducting Research

1. openness 6-10
2. Responsible publication Honesty
3. methodical Objectivity
4. logical Integrity
5. Cyclical Carefulness
Openness
Respect for Intellectual Property
Confidentiality
Social Responsibility
Non-Discrimination
Competence
Legality