Foundations of Nursing

BY: Richard T. Dumaguit, MSN, RN

 NURSING: DEFINITIONS

• NURSING (as an art) -Is the art of caring sick and

well individual. It refers to the dynamic skills and
methods in assisting sick and well individual in
their recovery and in the promotion and
maintenance of health. It involves the creative
application of knowledge in the service of people
• NURSING (as a science) It is the “body
of abstract knowledge” arrived through
scientific research and logical analysis
• Is the scientific knowledge and skills in
assisting individual to achieve optimal health. It
is the diagnosis and treatment of human
responses to actual or potential problem.
 NURSING: DEFINITIONS
• FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE • Nursing is the act of utilizing
the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery.
• VIRGINIA HENDERSON • Nursing is the act of assisting the
individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities
contributing to health or its recovery (or to a peaceful death) that
he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will,
or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to help him gain
independence as rapidly as possible.
 NURSE: DEFINITION
NURSE • Comes from a Latin word “to nourish” or “to cherish
• One who cares for the sick, the injured, and the physically, mentally, and emotionally
disabled
• One who advise and instruct individuals, families, groups and communities in the
prevention, treatment of illness and diseases and in the promotion of health.
• An essential member of a health team who cares for individuals, families and
communities in disease and illness prevention and in the promotion of
 PATIENT: DEFINITION
PATIENT • Comes from a Latin word, “to Suffer” or “to Bear”
• An individual who is in the state of physical, mental, and
emotional imbalance
• An individual who seeks for nursing assistance, medical assistance,
or for surgery due to illness or a disease.
• Is an individual who is waiting or undergoing medical or surgical
care. One who is physically or mentally disabled.
 PERIODS OF NURSING HISTORY

• Intuitive Period
• Apprentice Period
• Educative Period
• Contemporary Period
 INTUITIVE PERIOD
• Prehistoric Early Christian Era
• More on intuition
• NOMADS – travel from one place to another
• Survival of the fittest
• “Best for the most” – motto
• Sickness is due to “voodoo”
• Performed out of feeling of
compassion for others • Performed
out of desire to help • Performed out
of wish to do good • Nursing is given
by the WOMEN
• • SHAMAN – uses white magic to
counteract the black magic
• • They are the doctors during those time.
• • TREPHINING – drilling the skull
• • Used to treat Psychotic patients
• • Psychotic patients are believed to be possessed by
evil spirits.
• • Growth of religion – most important thing that
happened
• • Growth of civilization
• • Law of self preservation – inspire man in search
of knowledge
 RISE IN CIVILIZATION
• From the mode of Nomadic life agrarian society gradual development
of urban community life
• Existence of means of communication
• Start of scientific knowledge more complex life increase in health
problems demand for more nurses
• Nursing as a duty of SLAVES and WIVES. NURSING DID NOT
CHANGE but there was progress in the practice of Medicine.
• Care of the sick was still closely allied with superstitions, religion and magic
• Near East – birth place of 3 religious ideologist: •
Judaism • Christianity • Mohammedism or Islam -
Near East culture was adopted by the Greeks and
Romans combined with the wonders of the Far East
by returning crusaders and explorers improved and
was carried to Europe during the Renaissance Period
that resulted to greater knowledge then to the New
World by the Early settlers.
• • New World – a tiny area known as birth of monotheism that
lies between Tigris and Euphrates River in the Nile River arose
the cultures of Babylonia, Egypt and Hebrew. •
MONOTHEISM – believer of one God
• BABYLONIANS • CODE OF HAMMURABI • 1st recording
on the medical practice • Established the medical fees •
Discouraged experimentation • Specific doctor for each disease •
Right of patient to choose treatment between the use of charms,
medicine, or surgical procedure
• EGYPTIANS • ART OF EMBALMING •
Mummification • Removing the internal organs of
the dead body • Instillation of herbs and salt to the
dead • Used to enhance their knowledge of the
human anatomy. Since work was done and
performed on the dead, they learned nothing of
Philosophy • “THE 250 DISEASES” •
Documentation about 250 diseases and treatments
• HEBREW • Teachings of MOSES • Created Leviticus • Father
of sanitation • Practice the values of “Hospitality to strangers”
and the “Act of Charity” – contained in the book of Genesis •
LEVITICUS – 3rd book of the Old Testament • Laws
controlling the spread of communicable diseases • Laws
governing cleanliness • Laws on preparation of food •
Purification of man and his food • The ritual of
CIRCUMCISION – on the 8th day after birth • MOSAIC LAW •
Meant to keep Hebrews pure so that they may enter the sanctuary
without affronting God • Meant as a survival for health and
hygienic reason only
• • Use of pharmacologic drugs CHINA • “MATERIA MEDICA” •
Book that indicates the pharmacologic drug used for treatment • No
knowledge on anatomy • Use of wax to preserve the body of the dead
• Method of paper making • FACTOR THAT HAMPERED THE
ADVANCEMENT OF MEDICINE: • Prohibits dissecting of human
body thus thwarting scientific study
• ROMANS • Proper turnover for the sick people • “If you’re strong,
you’re healthy” – motto • Transition from Pagan to Christianity •
FABIOLA • Was converted to Christian and later she converted her
home to a hospital and used her wealth for the sick. • 1st hospital in
the Christian world
• GREECE • AESCULAPUS • Father of medicine in Greek
mythology • HIPPOCRATES • Father of modern
medicine • 1st to reject the idea that diseases are caused by
evil spirits • 1st to apply assessment • Practice medical
ethics • CADUCEUS • Insignia of medicine • Composed
of staff of travellers intertwined with 2 serpent (the
symbol of Aesculapus and his healing power). At the apex
of the staff are two wings of Hermes (Mercury) for speed.
• NURSES function of untrained slaves
 APPRENTICE PERIOD
• 11th century 1836 • On-the-job training period • Refers to a beginner (on-the-job
training). It means care performed by people who are directed by more experienced
nurses • Starts from the founding of Religious Orders in the 6th century through the
Crusades in the 11th century (1836 – when the deaconesses School of Nursing was
established in Kaiserswerth, Germany by Pastor THEODORE FLEIDNER)
• There was a struggle for religious, political, and economic power • Crusades took place
in order to gain religious, political, and economic power or for adventure • During the
Crusade in this period, it happened as an attempt to recapture the Holy Land from the
Turk who obtained and gain control of the region as a result of power struggle.
Christians were divided due to several religious war and Christians were denied visit to
The Holy Sepulcher.
• MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS AND THEIR WORKS • KNIGHTS OF ST.
JOHN OF JERUSALEM (ITALIAN) • Also called as “Knights of the Hospitalers” •
Established to give care • TEUTONIC KNIGHTS (GERMAN) • Took subsequent
wars in the Holy Land • Cared for the injured and established hospitals in the military
camps • KNIGHTS OF ST.LAZARUS • Care for those who suffered Leprosy, syphilis,
and chronic skin diseases
• 25. • ALEXIAN BROTHERS • A monasteric order founded in 1348. They established
the Alexian Brothers School of Nursing, the largest School under religious auspices
exclusively in US and it closed down in 1969 • ST. VINCENT DE PAUL • He
organized the charity group called the “La Charite” and the “Community of Sisters of
Charity” composed of women dedicated in caring for the sick, the poor, orphaned, and
the widowed. He founded the “Sisters of Charity School of Nursing” in Paris, France
where Florence Nightingale had her 2nd formal education in Nursing. • LOUISE de
GRAS • Was the 1st Superior and co-founder of the Community of Sisters of Charity
• NURSING SAINTS • ST. CLAIRE OF ASSISI • Took vows of poverty,
obedience to service and chastity • Founded the 2nd order of St. Francis of
Assisi • “the poor Claire” • ST. ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY • The
patroness of Nursing • A princess • Sees her calling to give care for the sick
• Fed thousands of hungry people • St. CATHERINE OF SIENA • “Little
Saint” – took care of the sick as early as 7y/o • “1st Lady with a Lamp”
• 27. RISE OF RELIGIOUS NURSING ORDER • Orders of St. Francis
of Assisi • 1st order – founded by St. Francis • 2nd order “the poor Claire”
– founded by St. Claire • 3rd “the tertiary order” • Beguines • Oblates •
Benedictines • Ursulites • Augustinians
 DARK PERIOD OF NURSING
• • From 17th century – 19th century • Also called the Period of
Reformation until the American Civil War • Hospitals were closed
• Nursing were the works of the least desirable people (criminals,
prostitutes, drunkards, slaves, and opportunists) • Nurses were
uneducated, filthy, harsh, ill-fed, overworked • Mass exodus for
nurses • The American Civil War was led by Martin Luther, the
war was a religious upheaval that resulted to the destruction in the
unity of Christians. • The conflict swept everything connected to
Roman Catholicism in schools, orphanages, and hospitals
• THEODORE FLIEDNER • (a pastor) reconstituted the
Deaconesses and later be established the School of
Nursing at Kaiserswerth, Germany where Florence
Nightingale had her 1st formal training for 3 months as
nurse • FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE • Practiced her
profession during the Crimean War • “Lady with a Lamp”
• From a well-known family • Went to Germany to study
 EDUCATIVE
• • Florence Nightingale era • Began in June 15, 1860 when Florence Nightingale
PERIOD School of Nursing opened at St. Thomas Hospital in st London England,
where 1 program for formal education of Nurses began and contributed growth of
Nursing in the US • FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED DEVELOPMENT OF
NURSING EDUCATION: • Social forces • Trends resulting from war • Emancipation
of women • Increased educational opportunities • FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE •
Mother of Modern Nursing • Lady with the Lamp • Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence,
Italy • Her SELF-APPOINTED GOAL – to change the profile of Nursing • She
compiled notes of her visits to hospitals, her observations of sanitation practices and
entered Deaconesses School of Nursing at Kaiserswerth, Germany for 3 months.
• • FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE • Became the Superintendent of the
Establishment for Gentle Women during the Illness (refers to the ill
governess or instructors of Nursing • She disapproved restriction on
admission of patient and considered this unchristian and contrary to health
care. • Upgraded the practice of Nursing and made Nursing a honorable
profession • Led other nurses in taking care of the wounded and sick
soldiers during the Crimean War • She was designated as Superintendent of
the Female Establishment of English General Hospital in Turkey during
the Crimean War • She reduced the casualties of war by 42%-2% thru her
effort by improving the practice of sanitation techniques and procedure in
the military barracks
• THE CONCEPTS OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE ON
NURSING SCHOOL: • School of Nursing should be self-
supporting not subject to the whimps of the Hospital. • Have
decent living quarters for students and pay Nurse instructors •
Correlate theories to practice • Support Nursing research and
promote continuing education for nurses • Introduce teaching
knowledge that disease could be eliminated by cleanliness and
sanitation and Florence Nightingale likewise did not believed in
the Germ Theory of Bacteriology. • Opposed central registry of
nurses • Wrote Notes on Nursing, “What it is and what it is
not.” • Wrote notes on hospitals
• • OTHER SCHOOLS OF NURSING • Bellevue
Training School for Nurses – New York City • Alexian
Brothers Hospital School of Nursing in US exclusively
for men. It opened in 1348 and it closed down in 1969. •
LINDA RICHARDS – the first graduate nurse in US.
Graduated in September 1, 1873. • 2 NURSING
ASSOCIATION / ORGANIZATIONS THAT
UPGRADED NURSING PRACTICE IN US: •
American Nurses Association • National League for
Nursing Education
 CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
• DEVELOPMENT AND TRENDS: • W.H.O established by U.N to fight
diseases by providing health information, proper nutrition, living standard,
environmental conditions. • The use of Atomic energy for diagnosis and
treatment. • Space Medicine and Aerospace Nursing • Medical equipment
and machines for diagnosis and treatment • Health related laws • Primary
Health Care – Nurses involvement in CHN • Utilization of computers •
Technology advances such as development of disposable equipment and
supplies that relieved the tedious task of Nurses. • Development of the
expanded role of Nurses
 FACTORS AFFECTING NURSING
TODAY:
• • Economics
• • Consumer’s Demand
• • Family Structure
• • Information and Telecommunications
• • Legislation
HISTORY OF NURSING (PHILIPPINE
SETTING)