Limit State Design of Steel Structures ( IS:800 – 2007)

Bijoy Krishna Roy

Assistant Professor , Civil Engineering
IMPSCET, MALDA
Contents
 Steel
 Steel Members
 Loads
 Connections – Bolted and Welded
 Tension members
 Compression Members
 Beams
 Members under combined Axial Load and Moments
 Column Bases and Caps
 Plate Girder
 Gantry Girders
 Eccentric and Moment Connections
 Roof Trusses
Steel
The carbon content of steel is between 0.002% and
2.14% by weight for plain iron–carbon alloys. These
values vary depending on alloying elements such
as manganese, chromium, nickel, tungsten, and so on.
In contrast, cast iron does undergo eutectic reaction.
Too little carbon content leaves (pure) iron quite soft,
ductile, and weak. Carbon contents higher than those
of steel make a brittle alloy commonly called pig iron.
While iron alloyed with carbon is called carbon
steel, alloy steel is steel to which other alloying
elements have been intentionally added to modify the
characteristics of steel. Common alloying elements
include: manganese, nickel,
chromium, molybdenum, boron, titanium, vanadium,
tungsten, cobalt, and niobium. Additional elements,
most frequently considered undesirable, are also
important in steel: phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, and
traces of oxygen, nitrogen, and copper.
Steel Members

o Rolled steel I-sections

o Rolled steel channel sections
o Rolled steel angle sections
o Rolled steel T-sections
o Rolled steel tube sections
o Rolled steel bars
o Rolled steel flats
o Rolled steel plates
o Rolled steel sheets
o Rolled steel strips
Loads

Dead loads are static forces that are relatively constant for an extended time. They can be
in tension or compression. The term can refer to a laboratory test method or to the normal usage
of a material or structure.
Live loads are usually variable or moving loads. These can have a significant dynamic
element and may involve considerations such as impact, momentum, vibration, slosh
dynamics of fluids, etc.
Impact load is one whose time of application on a material is less than one-third of the
natural period of vibration of that material.
Cyclic loads on a structure can lead to fatigue damage, cumulative damage, or failure. These
loads can be repeated loadings on a structure or can be due to vibration.
Wind force
Design Wind Speed (Vz) The basic wind speed for any
site shall be obtained from Fig. 1 and shall be modified
to include the following effects to get design wind
speed, Vz at any height, Z for the chosen structure: (a)
Risk level, (b) Terrain roughness and height of structure,
(c) Local topography, and (d) Importance factor for the
cyclonic region. It can be mathematically expressed as
follows:
Vz = Vb k1 k2 k3 k4,
where Vz = design wind speed at any height z in m/s, k1
= probability factor (risk coefficient) , k2= terrain
roughness and height factor , k3 = topography factor ,
and k4 = importance factor for the cyclonic region
Design Wind Pressure The wind pressure at any height
above mean ground level shall be obtained by the
following relationship between wind pressure and wind
speed:
Pz = 0.6 Vz2
where Pz = wind pressure in N/m2 at height z, and Vz =
design wind speed in m/s at height z.
The design wind pressure Pd can be obtained as,
Pd = Kd. Ka. Kc. Pz
where Kd = Wind directionality factor Ka = Area
averaging factor Kc = Combination factor
Seismic Loads (IS: 1893)
Bolted Connections
Welds and Welding (IS 816 and IS 9595)
Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials,
usually metals or thermoplastics, by using high heat to melt the parts together and allowing
them to cool causing fusion. Welding is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining
techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal.

Diagram of arc and weld area, in shielded metal

arc welding.
1. Coating Flow, 2. Rod, 3. Shield Gas, 4. Fusion
5. Base metal, 6. Weld metal, 7. Solidified Slag
Tension members
Compression Members
Laced Columns
Battened Columns
Beams
Members under combined Axial Load and Moments
Column Bases
Column Caps

The column cap is a widening at the top of

a column, to provide additional surface
area of bearing. A column cap will
distribute the load to prevent any type of
punch through of the column and the load
being supported.
Plate Girder
In a plate girder bridge, the plate girders are typically I-beams made up from separate structural steel plates (rather
than rolled as a single cross-section), which are welded or, in older bridges, bolted or riveted together to form the
vertical web and horizontal flanges of the beam. In some cases, the plate girders may be formed in a Z-shape rather
than I-shape.
Plate girder bridges are suitable for short to medium spans and may support railroads, highways, or other traffic.
Plate girders are usually prefabricated and the length limit is frequently set by the mode of transportation used to
move the girder from the bridge shop to the bridge site.
Generally, the depth of the girder is no less than ​1⁄15 the span, and for a given load bearing capacity, a depth of
around ​1⁄12 the span minimizes the weight of the girder. Stresses on the flanges near the centre of the span are greater
than near the end of the span, so the top and bottom flange plates are frequently reinforced in the middle portion of
the span. Vertical stiffeners prevent the web plate from buckling under shear stresses. These are typically uniformly
spaced along the girder with additional stiffeners over the supports and wherever the bridge supports concentrated
loads.
Gantry Girders
Gantry girders are laterally unsupported beams to carry. heavy loads from place to place
at the construction sites, mostly these are of steel material. A girder is a support beam
used in construction. It is the main horizontal support of a structure which supports
smaller beams.
 560

Design step :
1. Material constant
2. Partial safety factors
925
3. Design forces 7 mm fillet weld
4. Design of web
5. Design of flanges
6. Classification of flanges 12 1900
1800
7. Check for bending strength 274
8. Shear capacity of web
9. Check for lateral – torsional buckling
10. Flange to web connection 50

11. End bearing stiffener

All dimension in mm
12. Check for buckling of the stiffener 560

13. Check for bearing capacity of the stiffener

14. Check for torsional resistance provided by end bearing stiffener
15. End – stiffener connection
Eccentric and Moment Connections

Eccentric connections : If the force applied

does not passes through the CG of the joint
then such joint carries moment in addition
to an axial direct force. Such types
of connections are called as eccentric
connections
Roof Trusses
Industrial buildings are low–rise steel structures,
characterized by their low height, lack of interior floors,
walls and partitions.
Roof trusses are therefore an, integral part of an industrial
building and the like for supporting the roofing system.
Roof trusses will be the choice are long span floors and
roofs of multi-storey buildings , cinema halls , malls,
commercial complexes, stadias and arenas.
Trusses in the form of bracing are used in horizontal
planes of industrial buildings to resist lateral loads and
also to provide lateral stability.
Overall length of the building = 48 m, Overall Width of the building = 16.5 m
Width (c/c of roof columns ) = 16 m, c/c spacing of trusses =8m
Rise of truss = ¼ of span, Self weight of purlins = 318 N/m
Height of columns = 11 m, Roofing and side covering = 171 N/m2 (Asbestos cement sheets )
Steel of grade = Fe 410
Truss
Punlin Bracing

U8
U7
U6
U5 Ridge
line
U4
2m
U3
2m
U2
2m
U1
2m
U0
A B C D
8.0 m
48.0 m
 U3 U4 U5

4.0 m

U2 U6
U1 U7

U0 U8
16.0 m

2.235 m U4

U3 U5
2.235 m

2.235 m 4.0 m
U2 U6

2.235 m
U1 U7
U8
26O34'
L0 L1 L2 L3 L5
L4
16.0 m
Steel Structures

A steel pylon suspending overhead power lines

Truss sections stabilize this building under construction in Shanghai and will house mechanical floors
Akashi Kaikyō Bridge