PRESENTED BY

DEEP EXCAVATION MUNEEB-ULLAH

KHAN CE-61
 CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 METHOD OF DEEP REPLACEMENT AND EXCAVATION
 SUTIBILITY
 APPLICATION
 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATION
 PRINCIPLES
 DESIGN AND PEREMETERS
 GEOSYNTHETIC-ENCASED GRANULAR COLUMNS
 INTRODUCTION
 An excavation in soil or rock more than 15ft or 4.5m is called deep excavation.
 This excavated places are replaced with better quality and densified fill or concrete in a
column form.
 Columns and foundation is for to carry vertical loads or shear forces.
 We can excavated the ground by two methods.
i. By injecting water into the ground from slurry and flushing it out from the hole.
ii. By drilling the hole in the ground.
 Excavation of soil have little effect on surrounding soil as compare to displacement of
soil.
 METHOD OF DEEP REPALCEMENT/EXCAVATION
 Vibro-Replacement:(wet method)
 (Vibro floating)
 (Aggregate Colum)
 Commonly referred to as a stone columns or granular piles.
 Vibro-Casing:
 Commonly referred to as a sand compaction or pile method.
 Columns form from cement, fly ash and gravel mixture are called CFG columns.
 Columns form from concrete are called vibro-concrete column.
 Vibro-Compaction:
 METHOD OF DEEP
REPALCEMENT/EXCAVATION
i. Vibro-Replacement
ii. Vibro-Displacement
iii. Vibro-Concrete Column
iv. Controlled Modulus Column
v. Sand Compaction Column
vi. Encased Aggregate Column
vii. Rammed Aggregate Column
viii. Dynamic-Replacement
 METHOD OF DEEP
REPALCEMENT/EXCAVATION
 Granular Column:
 Include stone columns , rammed aggregate column and sand
compaction columns.
 New types of deep replacement columns have been developed.
 Hallow concrete columns (2003)
 Multiple stepped columns (2007)
 X-Shape columns (2007)
 Y-Shape columns (2007)
 These columns is mostly made of concrete , higher strength and stiffness.
 METHOD OF DEEP
REPALCEMENT/EXCAVATION
 HISTORY:
 Han and Ya (1991) and Han (2012) , introduced three types.
 Flexible Columns
 Rigid Columns
 Semi-rigid Columns
 SUITABILITY
 The vibro replacement is mostly used for cohesive soil with undrained shear strength
higher than 15 kpa.
 Method used for cohesion less soil is called vibro compaction.
 Vibro replacement depth is (10 to 15m).
 Vibro replacement is suitable for cohesive soil (15 to 60kpa) strength.
 Vibro replacement is used for (vibro concrete columns) vcc.
 VCC:
 Is suitable for soft clay vcc depth (10 to15m).
 Controlled Modulus Columns:
 Suitable for soft clay , loose sand and silt.
 SUITABILITY
 SAND COMPACTION COLUMN:
 Suitable for cohesion less cohesive soil.
 Depth (70m)
 Encased
 GRANULAR COLUMN:
 Used for soft soil , organic soil.
 Shear strength is lower than 5kpa.
 Depth (5 to 10m).
 SUITABILITY
 RAMMED AGGREGATE COLUMN:
 It is suitable for soft and stiff clays and also loose silt.
 Strength (15kpa>).
 Depth (10m).
 DYNAMIC REPLACEMENT COLUMN:
 Suitable to improve saturated cohesive soil and soft organic soil.
 Depth (8m).
 APPLICATION
 columns with surrounding soil to form a composite ground or foundation can
increase bearing capacity , reduce and accelerate settlements , increase shear strength
for slope stability .
 Most of the deep replacement columns can be use to support industrial , residential
, retail buildings , storage tanks , walls , abutments , road way and pipe lining.
 ADVANTAGES AND
LIMITATIONS
 Sand compaction columns :
 Advantages
Use of lower cost material
Fast construction
Fully supported hole by a casing during construction
Limited intrusion by surrounding soil

 Disadvantages
Fraction angle of sand lower then that of stone
Casing penetration and extraction inducting smear to surrounding soil
 ADVANTAGES AND
LIMITATIONS
Insufficient permeability during earth quick.
 STONE COLUMNS:
 Widely used in whole world.
 Most granular columns is design from stone columns.
 Highly strength , stiffness.
 Stone column installation is fast and easy.
 ADVANTAGES AND
LIMITATIONS
 RAMMED AGGREGATE COLUMNS:
It is rapid installation method.
 They have high level of compaction.
Rammed aggregate columns have limited improvement depth and are difficult to be
installed in clean sand with a high level of water table.

 GRANULAR COLUMNS:
All the granular columns provide drainage.
Not suitable for very soft soil with shear stress less than 15kpa due to excessive bulking at
low confining stresses near ground surface.
 ADVANTAGES AND
LIMITATIONS
 VIBRO CONCRETE COLUMNS:
Higher strength and modulus due to use of concrete.
Installation process is quick does not produce spoil because it is a displacement method by
pressure air.
They are more expensive than granular columns.

 CONTROLLED MODULAS(stiffness)COLUMNS:
 They have different strength and modulus according to project need.
There strength and moduli is higher then granular column.
They are installed fast.
 ADVANTAGES AND
LIMITATIONS
They are more expensive then granular column.
Installation is difficult in soil rock.

 ENCASED GRANULAR COLUMNS:

It is used in very soft soil , strength less then 15kpa and lower than 5kpa.
It increase the stiffness of column.
More expensive and slow in installation.
 PRINCIPLES
 FUNCTION:
 Granular and Concrete Columns:
Densification
Load Bearing
Reinforcement
Stress Distribution
Drainage and geotechnical application
 Due to higher strength and stiffness of granular and concrete columns as compared with
surrounding soils columns often serve as load from superstructure and transmit it to a deep
component layer or through side friction as piles.
 PRINCIPLES
Steel reinforcement concrete columns are also serve as a
reinforcement to soft soil in the composite foundation in which the
soft soil are the mixture.
Column reinforced composite foundation have higher equivalent strengths and stiffness
which help distributed vertical load to a wider area and reduce the distributed vertical load
stresses on to the soft soil.

Load Transferred Mechanisms

 Equal stress versus equal strain.
 There are two ideal loading and displacement conditions exits under rigid loading while
equal stress exist under flexible loading.
 PRINCIPLES
 In a column reinforced soft foundation , columns carry a higher stress then the soil under
an equal strain.

Stress Transfer
 Stress transfer between columns and soil in the composite foundation depends on the
rigidity of column relative to soil and the end-bearing condition.
 Simon and Schlosser (2006) clearly illustrated the load transfer and deformation in
columns supported embankments which is consider an intermediate condition between
flexible loading and rigid loading.
 PRINCIPLES
Failure Modes
 Columns has been mostly used to carry the vertical load.
 Some times they are used to increase the shear resistance of soft soil.Under certain
circumstances columns are subjected to horizontal loads of movement.
 For example during excavation or under embankments.
 The failure mode of the column under different condition are different.
 PRINCIPLES
BEARING CAPACITY
 Brauns (1978) proposed to estimate the ultimate bearing capacity of an individual stone
column in saturated soft soil under an undrained condition based on an axisymmetric
model.
 Method considers a passive shear failure from the column to the surrounding soil it is
assumed as.
1. The interface between the column and the soil is smooth.
2. No circumferential stress exists.
3. No self weight is considered for the column and the soil.
 DESIGN AND PARAMETERS
 Depending on applications , geotechnical problems and installation methods , the
following design parameters are typically needed;
 Soil type(cohesion less and cohesive soil)
 Thickness and depth
 Depth of ground water table
 Diameter of columns
 Area improvement
 Tolerable settlement
 Pattern and spacing of columns
 Required allowable bearing capacity
 DESIGN AND PARAMETERS
 Concrete Columns:
 Concrete column are mostly used for cohesive soil.The design of concrete
columns is similar to pile-raft or pile group design.
 It is mainly divided into types.
1. Thickness and depth of problematic soil
2. Depth of ground water table.
3. Elastic modulus of soil
4. Elastic modulus of column
5. Magnitude and area of load
6. Pattern and spacing of column
 GEOSYNTHETIC-ENCASED
GRANULAR COLUMN
 The design parameters for geosynthetic-encased granular column typically include;
 Thickness and depth of soil
 Depth of ground water table
 Magnitude and area of load
 Tolerable settlement
 Effective friction angle of soil
 Elastic modulus of column
THANK
YOU