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INTRODUCTION
- Study of anatomy and physiology is an ever developing
science.
- Greek and Latin form the basis for the language of
anatomy and physiology.
DEFINITIONS:
Major Organs:
bones
ligaments
cartilages
Major Functions:
provide framework
protect soft tissue
provide attachments for muscles
produce blood cells
store inorganic salts
Skeletal system
Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
skin
hair
nails
sweat glands
sebaceous glands
Major Functions:
protect tissue
regulate body temperature
support sensory receptors
Integumentary system
Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
muscles
Major Functions:
cause movement
maintain posture
produce body heat
Muscular system
Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
brain
spinal cord
nerves
sense organs
Major Functions:
detect changes
receive and interpret sensory information
stimulate muscles and glands
Nervous system
Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
adrenal glands
pancreas
ovaries
testes
pineal gland
thymus
Major Functions:
control metabolic activities of
body structures through the
release of hormones
Endocrine system
Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
heart
arteries
capillaries
veins
Major Functions:
move blood through vessels and
transport substances throughout
the body
Cardiovascular system
Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
thymus
spleen
Major Functions:
return tissue fluid to blood
carry certain absorbed food molecules
defend the body against infection
Lymphatic system
Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
mouth
tongue
teeth
salivary glands
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
liver and gallbladder
pancreas
small and large intestines
Major Functions:
receive, breakdown, and absorb food
eliminate unabsorbed material
Digestive system
Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
Major Functions:
intake and output of air
exchange gases between air and blood
Respiratory system
Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
Major Functions:
remove waste from blood
maintain water and electrolyte balance
store and transport urine
Urinary system
Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
scrotum
testes
epididymides
ductus deferentia
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
urethra
penis
Major Functions:
produce and maintain sperm cells
transfer sperm cells into female
reproductive tract
Male reproductive system
Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
ovaries
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina
clitoris
vulva
Major Functions:
produce and maintain eggs cells
receive sperm cells
support development of an embryo
function in the birth process
• Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
Maintenance of Life
• Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials
• Oxygen (gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
• Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
• Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing