GROUP 2

THE STRUCTURE
OF ATOM, THE
SYNTHETIC ELEMENTS
AND THE
RADIOACTIVE DECAY
Prepared by: Lew Matthew Sumagaysay
 THE STRUCTURE
OF ATOM
PARTICLE CHARGE MASS(g) MASS(amu) LOCATION

PROTON +1 1.6727X10-24 1.007316 Inside the nucleus

NEUTRON 0 1.008701 1.008701 Inside the Nucleus

ELECTRON -1 0.000549 0.000549 Outside the Nucleus

ALL ATOMS CONSIST OF THREE SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES:

THE PROTONS, NEUTRONS AND ELECTRONS
 Atoms in their natural state are electrically neutral.
This means that the number of the protons is equal to the
number of electrons. If there will be a change in the number
of electrons because of transferring or sharing electrons,
then the atom becomes an ion. An atoms that loses
electrons becomes negatively charged and is called
anion. The protons also play a significant role. The tendency
for an atom to be either lose, gain, or share electrons depend
in the change of nucleus
 SYNTHETIC ELEMENTS
Most of the known elements are naturally-occurring elements.
Those with atomic numbers greater than 83 are radioactive. This
means that these elements have an unstable nucleus. This instability
result the emission of alpha, beta, and gamma particles

Many artificial radioactive nuclides have also been produced

for several reasons. The process of producing radioactive elements is
called NUCLEAR REACTION. This reaction involves the atomic
nucleus. The elements produced as known as SYNTHETIC or
ARTIFICIAL ELEMENTS. Elements with atomic numbers 99-118 are
all synthetic elements.
 Synthetic elements are radioactive. They decay rapidly into
lighter elements. Technetium is the first elements discovered through
synthesis. Tc-98 has a half-life of 4.2 million years. Thus, there are no
technetium remains from the formation of the earth. It is present
naturally in red giant stars. The other synthetic elements are
promethium (atomic number 61), astatine (atomic number 85),
francium (atomic number 87), and the trans-uranium elements (atomic
number 93 and beyond).
 RADIOACTIVE
DECAY
The spontaneous breakdown of an atomic nucleus resulting in the
release of energy and matter from the nucleus. Remember that a
radioisotope has unstable nuclei that does not have enough
binding energy to hold the nucleus together

The type of radioactive decay are alpha decay, beta decay,

positron emission, electron capture, gamma decay

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 ALPHA DECAY
This usually happens in larger, heavier atoms where two
protons and two neutrons are emitted. This is similar to the nucleus of
a helium that also contains two protons and two neutrons. As an atom
emits an alpha particle, there is a decrease of two in the number of
protons and the number of particles in the nucleus decreased by 4. A
new element is formed.

Alpha decay typically occurs in the heaviest nuclides.

Theoretically, it can occur only in nuclei somewhat heavier
than Nickel (element 28),

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FOR EXAMPLE:

Uranium - 238 decays to form Thorium – 234

There is a decrease of two in the number of protons and

the number of particles in the nucleus decreased by 4 and
a new element was formed.

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 BETA DECAY
This occurs in isotopes with too many neutrons in
the nucleus. The neutron changes into a proton and an
electron. The electron is expelled from the nucleus as a
Beta-particle.

Take note that in beta decay, the atomic number

increases by 1 but the mass number remains the same.

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FOR EXAMPLE:

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 The Positron Emission
An isotope with too many protons in the nucleus undergoes B+
radioactive decay. The proton in the unstable nucleus changes into a neutron
and a positron (positive electron). The positron is expelled from the nucleus as
appositive beta particle.

A positron, also called an antielectron, is an exotic bit of matter, or

more correctly, an example of antimatter. A positron is the antimatter
equivalent of an electron. It has the mass of an electron, but it has a charge of
+1. Positrons are formed when a proton sheds its positive charge and becomes
a neutron.

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FOR EXAMPLE:

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 Electron Capture
An isotope with too many protons in the nucleus undergoes B+
radioactive decay. The proton in the unstable nucleus changes into a
neutron and a positron (positive electron). The positron is expelled from
the nucleus as appositive beta particle.

An electron capture produces a nuclide with the same mass

number, but the atomic number is lesser by 1

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FOR EXAMPLE:

An electron capture produces a nuclide with the same mass

number, but the atomic number is lesser by 1

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 Gamma Radiation or
Gama decay
This does not involve any change in the atomic number or mass
number. The new nucleus formed is unstable because of its excess
energy. For it to become stable, It loses some of the energy in the
form of gamma radiation, however. The proton and neutron number
does not change

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 FOR EXAMPLE:

ANOTHER EXAMPLE:

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SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERENT
TYPES OF DECAY
 END
GROUP 2
Leader:
SUMAGAYSAY, LEW MATTHEW L.

Members:
REGODON. JENNYCEL
YOKOSE, ISSEY
LIM, ALIEAH
CONSON, JUVY MAE
EGOT, MARYS
RUPISAN, ANDRIAN
CEDERIO, RONA ROSE
MAKARUNGGALA, DIVINE

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