PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

by: Ms. Marrecel C. Bernardo

WHAT IS RESEARCH

• RESEARCH- IS DEFINED AS A
SYSTEMATIC PROCESS OF
COLLECTING AND ANALYZING
INFORMATION TO INCREASE OUR
UNDERSTANDING OF THE
PHENOMENON UNDER STUDY.
• RESEARCH IS A
SCIENTIFIC,EXPERIMENTAL OR
INDUCTIVE MANNER OF THINKING.
• STARTING FROM PARTICULAR TO
MORE COMPLEX IDEAS
• BY EXECUTING VARIED THINKING
ACTS RANGE FROM LOWER ORDER
TO HIGHER ORDER THINKING
STRATEGIES.
EXAMPLE:
• Educational research is a kind of research
that follows a logical process of gathering
information and data to understand issues
that srround students,teachers,educational
institutions and other stakeholders.

• its process of gathering information and

inferring conclusions, it is the function of
the researcher to contribute to the
understanding of the issue
• its processes and thepeople
involved,particularly affecting education
and its various components ( ex. learning,
teaching,administration and others).,
• in addition to following systematic process
of gathering information and inferring
conclusions, it is the function of the
researcher to contribute to the
understanding of the issue and to
communicate that understanding of the
issue to the public.
• this means that research does not stop after
gathering data, and not even after writing
the conclusions and recommendation. this
also involves the process of making your
research known to many people.
• Given the aforementuoned definiions of
research, its important to take note that
research also aims to
• DISCOVER NEW FACTS AND
INFORMATION
TO MAKE A GOOD RESEARCH

• A RESEARCHER SHOULD BE
PRESENTING A NOVEL IDEA IN ORDER
TO ENSURE THAT HIS/HER RESEARCH
WILL HAVE AN IMPACT TO THE
SOCIETY. A NOVEL IDEA CAN BE
PRESENTED BY THE FOLLOWING:
• Saying something nobody he said before
• Carrying out emperical work that has not
been done before,
• Synthesizing something that has not been
put together before.
• Making a new tranformation of someone
else's material or ideas,
• Coming up with a new theory or testing an
existing theory
• taking a new technique and applying it to
an existing theory,
• taking an existing technique and applying
it to an existing area,
• taking an existing technique and applying
it to a new area or discipline.
• continuing a previously original piece of
work
• Being cross disciplinary and using
different methodologies or testing existing
knowledge in an original way.
• OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH
• APPROACH ( YOU ARE GOING TO USED
AS THE RESEARCHER)
• THE LEVEL OF INVESTIGATION
• TYPE OF DATA ( THAT YOU ARE GOING
TO RESEARCH)
TYPES OF RESEARCH
• BASIC RESEARCH- AIMS TO STUDY
ADVANCE KNOWLEDGE WITH NO
APPLICATION TO EXISTING
PROBLEMS IN VIEW THROUGH
LEARNING MORE ABOUT A
PHENOMENON.
• EX. IDENTIFYING THE LEARNING
STYLES OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
STUDENTS
TYPES OF RESEARCH

• APPLIED RESEARCH - IS DESIGNED

TO HELP SOLVE PARTICULAR,
EXISTING PROBLEMS SO THERE IS A
MUCH LARGER AUDIENCE EAGER TO
SUPPORT RESEARCH THAT IS LIKELY
TO BE PROFITABLE OR SOLVE
PROBLEMS OF IMMEDIATE CONCERN
• EX. IMPROVING MUSICAL SKILLS AND
LEARNING THROUGH VIDEO GAMES)
WHAT IS INQUIRY

• IT IS SYNONYMOUS WITH THE WORD

“INVESTIGATION” IS THE ANSWER TO
THIS QUESTION.

• when you inquire or investiagte , you tend

to ask questions to probe or examine
something.
• you do this kind of examination through
your HOTS ( higher order thinking
strategies)of inferential,
• analytical,critical ,creative and appreciative
thinking to discover more understandable or
meaningful things beyond such object of
your inquiry
compare and contrast inquiry and
research
• both inquiry and research is involve of
discovering what is ignorant that you want
to know about. both inquiry and research
encourage you to formulate questions to
direct you to the exact information you
want to know bec. of curiosity. altough
both of them core word is investigate or
questioning, they are not exactly the same
in all aspects.
• research includes more complex acts of
investigation than inquiry because the
former follows a scientific procedure of
deicovering truths or meaning about things
in this world/( goodwin 2014)
Characteristics, Strengths,
Weaknesses, and Kinds of
Quantitative Research
Learning Objective

 To describe the characteristics,

strengths, weaknesses, and
kinds of quantitative research
Key Understanding
 Knowledge of the characteristics,
strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of
quantitative research
Key Question
 What are the characteristics,
strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of
quantitative research?
Quantitative Research - is a way of making
any phenomenon or any sensory experience
clearer or more meaningful by gathering and
examining facts and information about such
person, thing, place, or event appealing to
your senses. It involves measurements and
amounts and seeks to find answers to
questions starting with how many, how
much, how long, to what extent, and the like.
Definition of Quantitative Research
• Expressions like numerical forms, objective
thinking, statistical methods, and measurement
signal the existence of quantitative research.
One word that reflects the true nature of
this type of research is numerical. This term,
numerical, is a descriptive word pertaining to or
denoting a number or symbol to express how
many, how much, or what rank things are or
have in this world.
• Expressing meaning through numerals or a set
of symbols indicates specificity, particularity, or
exactness of something.
remember:

• Quantitative research makes you

focus your mind on specific things by
means of statistics that involve
collection and study of numerical
data.
 Characteristics of Quantitative
Research
 Quantitative research uses numbers and
figures to denote a particular thing.

 Quantitative research requires you to

focus your full attention on the object of
your study.
 Characteristics of Quantitative
Research
 Quantitative research is described as
objective research. Characterized by
objectiveness, only the real or factual, not
the emotional or cognitive existence of the
object, matters greatly to the artist.
In doing this, they tend to exclude their
own thoughts and feelings about the
subject or object. This is why
quantitative research is described as
objective research in contrast to
qualitative research that is subjective.
 Characteristics of Quantitative
Research
 Quantitative research is analogous to
scientific or experimental thinking. In this
case, you just do not identify problems but
theorize, hypothesize, analyze, infer, and
create as well.
 Characteristics of Quantitative
Research
 Quantitative research usually happens in
hard sciences like physics, chemistry,
biology, and medicine; unlike qualitative
Characteristics of Quantitative
research, which happens in soft sciences
such as humanities, social sciences,
education, and psychology, among others.
 QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE
PURPOSE

Explain and gain Explain, predict

insight and and control
understanding of phenomena
phenomena through focused
through intensive collection of
collection of numerical data.
narrative data
 QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE
Approach to inquiry

Inductive, Deductive,
subjetcive, holistic objctive focused
and process and outcome
oriented oriented.
 QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE
Hypothesis

Tentative, evolving Specific,estable

and based on and stated pro to
particular study, a particular study.
thematic analysis
may be done.
 QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE
Theoretical - ConceptualFramework

can use conceptual provides an explicit

framework to explain explanation why the
structure of study; problem under study
theories are only part of exists by showing how
the the variables are
literature.Theoretical related to each other;
framework is not extensive use of
necessary. In grounded variables.
theory design, theory
will evolve after
interpreting the results
 QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE
Review and Related Literature
Should be Extensive, does
comprehensive to significantly affect
provide scholarly basis particular study.
of the study; does
significantly affect
outcome of the study. In
rapid appraisal or
action research
designs, RRL is
minimized.
 QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE
Sampling
Purposive: Intent to select Mostly ramdom but not
“small” not necesarily all the time: intent to
representative,sample in
select “large”
order to acquire in depth
understanding. the use of representative sample
chaining,referral, accidental in order to genaralize
non probability or snowballi results to population.
technique is proper to
identify respondents. A
saturation sample signals
the limit of the sampling
size.
 QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE
Data Collection Strategies
include key informants Non participants
interviews; focused observation;
group discussions; structured or semi
documents analysis;
archival
structured, formal
research;participant interviews;
and non- participant administration of
observation; test and
unstructured, informal questionnaires.
interviews
 QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE
Measurement
Non- Standardized
Standardized, Numerical at the
narrative ongoing end.
 QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE
Data Analysis
Raw data are Raw data are
words, but can use numbers;
numbers as performed at the
secondary end of study,
data;essentially involves
ongoing ,involves statistics.
synthesis
 QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE
Data Interpretation and Conclusion
Generally cannot Conclusion and
provide conclusion
since there is no
generalization
generalization (except in formulated at the
Grounded theory end of the study,
designs) there are only stated with
findings or concluding
remarks. if forced, predetermined
conclusions are only degree of
tentative and reviewed certainty.
on an ongoing basis;
generalizations are
Mixed Methods

• combining quantitative and qualititaive

research design are also becoming
popular. This again depends on the
research objectives and research
questions. the choice of method depends
on the topic or the problem for research.
whether it is quali or quanti or mixed- will
depend on the nature of the research
Strengths of Quantitative Research

• Quantitative researchers provide data that

can be expressed in numbers and which
are usually gathered by survey
questionnaires from large numbers of
respondents randomly selected for
inclusions. the data can be tabulated and
interpreted using deviation, but can also
include inferential statistics like t- tests,
ANOVAs or multiple regression
correlations .
Strengths of Quantitative Research
• relatively easy to analyze because it
provides numerical data that can be easily
interpreted.
• The findings of the study can be
generalized to the population about which
information is required.
• the data gathered can be very consint,
precise and reliable.
Strengths of Quantitative Research
• Quantitative studies can be replicated.
Standardized approaches permit the study
to be replicated in different areas or
overtime with the production of comparable
findings.

• The effect of extarneous variables can be

controlled.
Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
• Not all research problems or questions can
be answered by quantitative methodology.
There are natural limitations. the use of
quantitative research is weak where it is
inappropriate or improper. Quantitative
research involves planned and structured
questionnaires or checklist. It leads to
limited outcomes because the
questionnaires contain close ended
questions.
Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

• Improper representation of the target

population might hinder the research for
achieving its desired purpose and
objectives.

• Related secondary data are sometimes

not available or accesing available data is
difficult to obtain through structured data
collection instruments
Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
• Lack of resources for data collection. Self -
reported information obtained from
questionnaires may be inaacurate or
incomplete.
• Difficult to understand the context of a
phenomenon. Some researchers find
difficulty in the data analysis.
• Inability to control the environment.
Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
• Studies are expensive and time -
consuming and even the preliminary
results are usually no available for a long
period of time.

• Errors in the hypotheses tested may yield

misimpressions of program quality or
influential factors.
 Strengths and Weaknesses
Standards Quantitative
 Mental survey of  Exists in the physical
reality world
 Cause-effect  Revealed by automatic
relationships descriptions of
circumstances or
conditions
 Researcher’s  Objective; least
involvement with the involvement by the
object/subject of the researcher
study
 Strengths and Weaknesses
Standards Quantitative
 Expression of data,  Numerals, statistics
data analysis and
findings
 Research plan  All research aspects are
planned before data
collection
 Behavior toward  Control or manipulation of
research aspects/ research conditions by the
conditions researcher
 Obtaining  Scientific method
knowledge
 Strengths and Weaknesses
Standards Quantitative
 Purpose  Evaluates objective and
examines cause-effect
relationships
 Data-analysis  Mathematically-based
technique methods
 Style of expression  Impersonal, scientific or
systematic
 Sampling technique  Random sampling as
the most preferred
Kinds of Quantitative Research

1. Experimental
True experimental, quasi-experimental, single
subject, and pre-experimental.
• 1st - give a pre-test to examine the initial
condition of both groups in relation to a variable,
condition, or factor
• 2nd - apply to the control group a new condition
• 3rd- give the latter group a post-test to determine
the effects or influence of the treatment or
condition applied on them.
Kinds of Quantitative Research

1. Experimental
Quasi-experimental comes in several
types such as matched comparative
group, time series, and counterbalanced
quasi-experimental.
Kinds of Quantitative Research

Types of quasi-experimental research

1. matched comparison – choosing a treatment
group and another group that has similarities
with the treatment group
2. time-series quasi-experimental research –
giving them series of pre-tests and post-tests
3. single-subject quasi-experimental research –
controls treatment and condition applied to just
one individual or a group
Kinds of Quantitative Research

2. Non-Experimental

It is incapable of establishing cause-effect

relationships; by itself, it is able, if it takes
place in conjunction with other experimental
and quasi-experimental research methods.
Kinds of Quantitative Research

2. Non-Experimental
It involves various ways of data analysis:
Primary – analysis of data collected by the
researcher himself/herself
Secondary – examination of data collected
by other people
Meta-analysis – analysis of data expressed
numerically
Kinds of Quantitative Research

2. Non-Experimental
It uses research method that is applicable to
both quantitative and qualitative data.
It collects data through survey, observation,
historical studies, case studies, documentary
analysis, and so on. (Suter, 2012;
Sarantakos, 2013)
Kinds of Quantitative Research

2. Non-Experimental
Survey
Historical studies
Observational
Correlational
Descriptive
Comparative research
Various Kind of Quantitative Research
• Survery Research-
• this type of research uses
interviews,questionnaires, and
sampling polls to get a sense of
behavior with intense precision. It
allows researchers to judge
behavior and then present the
findings in an accurate way.
• Survey research can be conducted
around one group specifically or used
to compare several groups. when
conducting survey research it is
important that the people
• questioned are sampled at random.
This allow for more accurate findings
across a greater spectrum of
respondents.
Descriptive Research
• this type of research describes what
exists and may help to uncover new facts
and meaning. the purpose of descriptive
research is to describe, observe and
documents. Discriptive research is unique
in the number of variables employed.
• Descriptive research is unique in the
number of variables employed.
• Descriptive function of research is heavily
dependent on instrumentation fo
measurement and observation. the intent of
some descriptive research is to produce
statistical information about aspects of
education that interest policy makers and
educators. this involves collection of data
that will provide an account or description of
individuals, groups or situations. the
instruments used to obtain data in
descriptive studies include questionnaires,
interviews(close questions) and
observation.
Correlational Research
• a correlational study of quantitative
method of research in which these 2 or
more quantitative variables from the same
group of subjects, and the researcher is
trying to determined if t is a relationship
between those 2 variables( a similarity
between them, not a difference between
their means)Performing correlational
research is done to establish what the
effect of one on the other might be and
how that affects the relationship.
• Correlational research is conducted in
order to explain a noticed occurence. In
correlational research the survey is
conducted on a minimum of two groups.
• In most correlational research there is a
level of manipulation involved with the
specific variables being researched. Once
the information is compiled it is then
analyzed mathematically to draw
conclusions about the effect that one has
on the other.
 Evaluation Research
• can be defined as a type of study that uses
standard social research methods for
evaluative purposes, as a specific research
methodology, and as an assessment
process that employs special techniques
unique to the evaluation of social
programs(powell 2006) this kind of research
aims to assess the effects ,impacts or
outcomes of practices,policies or programs,
for example, evaluating the tutorial program
in the school.
Casual Comparative Research
• Casual comparative research aims to
uncover a cause and effect relationship.
This research is not conducted between
the two groups on each other. rather it
looks soley for a statistical relationship
between two variables it tries to identify,
specifically , how the different groups are
affected by the same circumstance. it
attempts to determine he cause or
consequences of differences that already
exist between or among groups of
individuals,
• Casual Comparative research the study of
two or more groups is done without
focusing on their relationship. as always the
use of statistical analysis is engaged to
synthesize the data in a clear method for
presentation.
Experimental Research
• The researcher manipulates one variable,
and controls/ ramdomizes the rest of the
variables. It has a control group- the
subjetcs have been randomly assigned
between t groups, and the reseacher only
tests one effect at a time. It is also
important to know what variables the
researcher wants to test and measure.
• Though questions may be posed in the
other forms of research, experimental
research is guided specifically by a
hypotheses. Sometimes experimental
research can haveseveral hypotheses.
• A hypothesis is a statement to be proven or
disproved. Once that statement is made,
experiments are begaun to find out
whatever the statements is true or not.