Chemical Equilibria

1. Iffat syafiqoh afif

2. Lillah fitri
3. Yola anjelina
 Chemical Equilibria

Effect of
Electrolytes on
Chemical
Equilibria
Aqueous
Solutions and Solving Equilibrium
Problems for
Chemical
Complex Systems
Equilibria
 Aqueous Solutions and Chemical Equilibria
1. The Chemical Composition of Aqueous Solutions
a. Clasifyng solution and electrolytes

b. Acids and bases

acid is a proton donor
base is a proton acceptor

For example:
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2. Chemical Equilibrium
the ratio of concentrations of reactants and products is constant

Example :

3. Buffer Solutions
resists changes in pH when it is diluted or when acids or bases are
added to it.

Example : - salifa
- HCl in stomch
 Effect of Electrolytes on Chemical Equilibria

position of most solution

1. The Effect of
equilibria depends on the
Electrolytes on
electrolyte concentration of
Chemical Equilibria
the medium

For example:
2. Activity Coefficients

Chemists use a term called activity, a, to

account for the effects of electrolytes on
chemical equilibria.

The activity of a species is a measure of its effective concentration as

determined by colligative properties such as:

 increasing the boiling point or

 decreasing the freezing point of water
 electrical conductivity,
 and by the mass-action effect
Solving Equilibrium Problems for Complex Systems

Complex equilibria are extremely important in many areas of science

Rivers and lakes are subject to many sources of pollution that may
make the water unsuitable for drinking, swimming, or fishing.

The calculations involved in complex equilibria are the major subject

of this
For example, when we dissolve a sparingly
soluble salt in water, there are three equilibria:

If hydronium ions are added to this system, the second equilibrium is shifted
to the right by the common-ion effect. The resulting decrease in sulfate
concentration causes the first equilibrium to shift to the right as well, which
increases the solubility of the barium sulfate.
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