Trends

& Issues
in Nursing Pharmacology

Part 1: Technologies and innovations

in nursing pharmacology
Part 2: Laws governing pharmacology

12/3/2019 Trends & Issues in Nursing Pharmacology 1

 Part 1
Technologies and innovations in
nursing pharmacology

12/3/2019 Trends & Issues in Nursing Pharmacology 2

Technologies & Innovations in:
a. Consumer Awareness

1. Internet access through computer, tablets, phones

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Technologies & Innovations in:
a. Consumer Awareness

3. TV shows

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Technologies & Innovations in:
a. Consumer Awareness

4. TV advertisements
5. Magazines

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 6. Posters
7. Books

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Problems that occur
in self-help consumer awareness

1. CONFUSING /
TECHNICAL
TERMS

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Problems that occur
in self-help consumer awareness

2. INFORMATION RELIABILITY ISSUES

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Problems that occur
in self-help consumer awareness

3. ADVERTISEMENT FOR PROFIT OVER SAFETY

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Nurse’s Role in Consumer Awareness

1. Correct health teaching

• Indications
• Contraindications
• Adverse effects
• Other relevant
information

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Nurse’s Role in Consumer Awareness

2. Identify reliable internet

sources
• Site address identification
.com; .edu; .gov; .net; .org
• Site evaluation
contributors, updated,
accurate and supported by
other sources

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Technologies & Innovations in:
b. Documentation

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12/3/2019 Trends & Issues in Nursing Pharmacology 13
Problems that occur
in innovative documentation
1. Computer hangs
• Delays patient service
• No access to relevant patient
information
• Error in reporting
• Information may not be updated

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Problems that occur
in innovative documentation
1. Computer hangs
• Delays patient service
• No access to relevant patient
information
• Error in reporting
• Information may not be updated

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 Nurse’s Role in Innovative
Documentation
1. Ensure that you are properly trained to
troubleshoot computer problems

2. Do not use hospital computer in downloading

applications irrelevant to patient care

3. Report problem to technical division

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 Nurse’s Role in Innovative
Documentation
3. Communicate to other departments for
needed patient information

4. Make a written patient information and report

of nursing care while the computer is not
functioning

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Technologies & Innovations in:
c. Machines & Equipment
1. Needleless intravenous port

3 way stopcock

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Technologies & Innovations in:
c. Machines & Equipment
2. Infusion pump

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Technologies & Innovations in:
c. Machines & Equipment
2. Infusion pump

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Technologies & Innovations in:
c. Machines & Equipment
2. Infusion pump

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Technologies & Innovations in:
c. Machines & Equipment
3. Patient Controlled
Analgesia

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Technologies & Innovations in:
c. Machines & Equipment
4. Vendo machine for medicines

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Technologies & Innovations in:
d. Accessibility of medicines
• Home delivery
• Home doctors /nurses
• Herbal medicines
• Vendo machines

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Technologies & Innovations in:
c. Other disciplines concerning
Pharmacology
• Bioengineering- nanotechnology
• Economics – HMOs

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Technologies & Innovations in:
d. Biological Weapons
1.Capsules 9. Spirits
2.Tablets 10. Nebules
3.Granules and Powders 11. Metered Dose Inhaler
4.Troches / Lozenges 12. Drops and sprays
5.Aqueous solutions 13. Ointments and creams
6.Syrups 14. Transdermal patches
7.Elixirs 15. Suppositories
8.Suspensions • Parenteral Packaging:
• Ampule
• Vials
• Prefilled cartridges

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 Part 2
Laws governing pharmacology

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1. RA 9173: Philippine Nursing Act of 2002
• “…. In the administration of intravenous injections, special
training shall be required according to the protocol established
(1991)” ***
• “.. If it is not charted, it is not observed or done..”

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1. RA 9173: Philippine
Nursing Act of 2002
• BON Resolution No.8 states that RN without such training and
administers IV injections to patients should be held liable either
criminally, administratively or both.

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1. RA 9173: Philippine
Nursing Act of 2002
• Nursing students do not perform professional nursing duties
• Nursing students should be under supervision of their clinical
instructors

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Republic Act No. 5921

5. The Pharmacy Law

• an act regulating the practice of pharmacy
and setting standards of pharmaceutical
education in the Philippines and for other
purposes.

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RA 5921: Prescriptions must contain the
following:

1. Name of the prescriber

2. Office address
3. PRC number
4. Professional Tax receipt number (PRT)
5. Patient’s name, age, gender
6. Date of prescription

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 Components of a
Drug Order:
1. Date and time the order is written
2. Drug name (generic preferred)
3. Drug dosage and Preparation
4. Route of administration
5. Frequency and duration of administration
6. Physician’s signature
• *Regulations regarding telephone orders or
verbal orders may vary from country to
country or among medical institutions.

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2. RA 6675: Generics Act of 1988

• An Act to Promote, Require and Ensure the Production of

an Adequate Supply, Distribution, Use and Acceptance of
Drugs and Medicines Identified by their Generic Names
• Prescribers must write the generic name

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3. RA 3720: “Foods, Drugs, Devices
and Cosmetics Act”

• as amended by E.O. 175

• An act to ensure the safety and purity of foods and cosmetics, and the
purity, safety, efficacy and quality of drugs and devices being made
available to the public, vesting the bureau of food and drugs with
authority to administer and enforce the laws pertaining thereto, and for
other purposes.

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4. RA 9502 - The Universally
Accessible Cheaper and Quality
Medicines Act of 2008
• It is the policy of the State to protect public health and, when
the public interest or circumstances of extreme urgency so
require, it shall adopt appropriate measures to promote and
ensure access to affordable quality drugs and medicines for
all.

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4. RA 9502 - The Universally Accessible
Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act of
2008

• competition policy in the supply and demand of

quality affordable drugs and medicines
• the regulation of prices of drugs and medicines,
with clear accountability by the implementing
authority as mandated in this Act,

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5. RA 6425 - THE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT
OF 1972 Dangerous Drugs”

(1) "Prohibited drug", which includes opium and its

active components and derivatives, such as
heroin and morphine; coca leaf and its
derivatives, principally cocaine; alpha and beta
eucaine; hallucinogenic drugs, and other
substances producing similar effects; whether
natural or synthetic, with the physiological effects
of a narcotic or a hallucinogenic drug; or (As
amended by B.P. 179 dated March 2,1982).

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6. RA 9711- An Act Strengthening and
Rationalizing the Regulatory Capacity of the
Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD)

• Establishing Adequate Testing Laboratories

and Field Offices, Upgrading its Equipment,
Augmenting its Human Resource
Complement, Giving Authority to Retain its
Income, Renaming it the Food and Drug
Administration

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Drug Evaluation:

• Phase I Studies
• Phase II Studies
• Phase III Studies
• Phase IV Studies

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Drug Regulation

I. Pregnancy categories
II. General Categories
1. Prescription drugs or legend drugs
2. Over-the-counter drugs (OTC)
3. Investigational drugs
4. Illicit or prohibited drugs

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 Regulation of Drugs:
Controlled substances

Schedule I (C-I) : Drugs or substances that have a high

potential for abuse; no currently accepted medical
use and have a lack of accepted safety for use under
medical supervision. (heroin, marijuana)

Schedule II (C-II) : Drugs or substances that have a

high potential for abuse; currently have an accepted
medical use in treatment but with severe restrictions;
abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical
dependence. (narcotics, amphetamines,
barbiturates)
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 Regulation of Drugs:
Controlled substances

Schedule III (C-III) : Drugs or substances that have a

potential for abuse less than Schedule I or II;
currently have an accepted medical use; abuse may
lead to moderate or low physical and high
psychological dependence. (some sedatives, anti-
anxiety and non-narcotic analgesics)

Schedule IV (C-IV) : Drugs or substances that have a

low potential for abuse relative to those listed in
Schedule III; currently have an accepted medical
use; abuse may lead to limited physical or
psychological dependence those in schedule III.

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 Regulation of Drugs:
Controlled substances

Schedule V (C-V): Drugs or substances that have a low

potential for abuse relative to Schedule IV; currently
have an accepted medical use; abuse may lead to
limited physical or psychological dependence relative
to those in
Purchaser must be at least 18 years old, and all
transactions must be recorded by the dispensing
pharmacist.

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 Regulation of Drugs:
Drug Names
1. CHEMICAL NAME –consists of chemical constitution
& exact placing of atoms or molecular groupings

2. GENERIC (NON-PROPRIETARY) NAME - simpler

than chemical name. It may be used in any country or
by any manufacturer. The first letter of the generic
name is not capitalized. They may be cheaper but
not necessarily as safe as brand-name drugs.

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Regulation of Drugs:
Drug Names
3. TRADEMARK (BRAND NAME)- followed by
the symbol ®. Indicates that the name is
registered & that its use is restricted to the
owner of the drug, who is usually the
manufacturer. Deliberately made easier to
pronounce, spell, & remember. First letter of
a trade name is capitalized

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 Legal liabilities of nurses in giving drugs
1. Negligence - in law, failure to do something that a reasonable
person would do in a certain situation or the doing of something
that such a person would not do. Nurse should provide reasonable
care to patients, negligence occurred when an action results in
damage to the patient (e.g., Hot compress causing burn).
2. Malpractice - a healthcare practitioner’s actions and decisions cause
significant harm to a patient under their care, medical malpractice is
thought to have occurred
MALPRACTICE BY COMMISSION
When a healthcare provider proactively does something to injure a
patient (e.g., medication error)
MALPRACTICE BY OMISSION
When a healthcare professional fails to protect the health of a
patient (e.g., misdiagnosis)

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Over the Counter Drugs

• Common medications
• Alternative medications
• Herbal medications

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Off-label uses

• "Off-label" means the medication is being used in a manner not

specified in the FDA's approved packaging label, or insert.
• Herbal medications

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Telephone Orders

• Only in extreme emergencies when there is no resident or

intern available
• The nurse should repeat or read back to the physician his order
• Must be signed by the physician within the next 24 hours after
telephone order

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Types of Drug Orders:

1. Standing order
2. One time order (Single order)
3. PRN order
4. Stat order

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