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÷ The application programs always uses alias
name in place of IP address to identify
remote host.
host.

÷ The process of mapping a name to an

address or vice versa is called as Name
Address resolution.
resolution.

÷ The systems which contains these databases

are called as Domain Name Systems.

÷ DNS Server contains the DNS database.


  
  
m A host calls DNS client named as resolver
which request closest DNS server.

2 If this server has the requested information,

it satisfies the resolver else it refers resolver
to other servers to provide the information.

3 Resolver receives the mapping and delivers

the mapping to a host. Then the program can
establish a TCP connection with destination.

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÷ Top level domains (ex
(ex:: .com
÷
eneric domains and Country domains
÷ Second level domains (ex
(ex:: yahoo
÷ Third level domain (ex
(ex:: co.
co.in

÷ Total m27 level domains are allowed

allowed..
÷ Host name of 63 characters and Full path of
255 characters
characters.. Names are not case
sensitive..
sensitive
÷ Two other types absolute and relative
relative..
÷ Two other types Flat and Hierarchical
Hierarchical.. §
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÷ Client sends IP address to a server and
request for a name, to answer this, DNS
server uses the inverse Resolution.
Resolution.

÷ IP address is inversed and adds labels

 and 


.. This is now received by
local DNS and resolved
resolved..

÷ 
 is a special domain used for address-

address-to
to--
name mappings
mappings..

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÷ Client requests for IP address from DNS
server (say A , if this server is authorized for
the domain name, it checks its database and
sends a reply else it diverts this request to
another server (say B and waits for its
response..
response

÷ Finally the response is returned back to the

requesting client
client.. Such a query is called as
recursive query and the process is called as
recursive resolution.
resolution.
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÷ Client requests for IP address from DNS
server (say A , if the server has authority for
the name, it will send the answer else it
returns IP address of another server (say B
to the client
client..

÷ The client has to repeat the query to the

server (B .

÷ Process get repeated again and again known

as iterative resolution.
resolution.


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÷ Headers consist of m6 bit Identification field,
Flags (to define the type of message , Number
of question, Number of answer, Number of
authority and Number of additional records.
records.

÷ Question Carries one or more ´questionsµ,

Answer Carries one or more answers
Authority points to authoritative name
servers that can be used to continue the
resolution process.
process. Additional conveys
additional information related to the query
query..
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÷ èvery time a query is asked, server has to
spend time in searching the IP address.
address. In
order to decrease this searching time and
improve the efficiency, caching technique is
used..
used

÷ When a server asks for a mapping from

another server and receives the response, it
stores this information in its cache memory
before sending it to the client
client.. Thus now
onwards cache memory is checked for
resolving the problem
problem.. m
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÷ But if a server caches a mapping for a long
time then it may send an outdated mapping
to the client
client..

÷ This problem is solved by adding TTL to the

mapping and each sever is asked to keep a
TTL counter for each mapping it caches.
caches.

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÷ DNS works only for static IP while DDNS
works for dynamic IP assigned by ISP or
DHCP..
DHCP

÷ This is basically used when there are

frequent change in IP address of the site
site..

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