Break Even Analysis &

Cash flow

By Rano Wijaya
FEB Unlam
 Break-Even Analysis

• Break-even point adalah volume aktifitas organisasi

dimana pendapatan sama dengan pengeluaran.
• Contribution margin adalah selisih kelebihan
penjualan dibandingkan dengan biaya variabel
• Unit CM = harga penjualan - unit biaya variabel
• CM ratio = CM / penjualan
• BEP (units) = Biaya Tetap / unit CM
• BEP ($) = Biaya Tetap / CM ratio
 Cost-Volume-Profit Graph

Break Sales Revenue

$
even
Point

Total Cost

Variable Cost

Fixed Cost

0
Activity (units)
Normal
range
 Pendekatan Contribution Margin
Diketahui data sebagai berikut:

Total Per Unit Percent

Sales (500 surfboards) $ 250.000 $ 500 100%
Less: variable costs 150.000 300 60%
Contribution margin $ 100.000 $ 200 40%
Less: fixed costs 80.000 Untuk setiap tambahan papan
Net income $ 20.000 selancar yang dijual, prsh
menghasilkan $200 CM.
Kita dapat menghitung BEP
dengan formula:

Biaya Tetap . Break-even point

=
Unit contribution margin (dalam units)
$80,000
$200 = 400 papan selancar

Total Per Unit Percent

Sales (400 surfboards) $ 200.000 $ 500 100%
Less: variable costs 120.000 300 60%
Contribution margin $ 80.000 $ 200 40%
Less: fixed costs 80.000
Net income $ -
Kita juga dapat menghitung BEP dalam dollar dengan
menggunakan CM ratio.
Contribution margin
= CM Ratio
Penjualan
Biaya Tetap Break-even point
(in sales dollars)
CM Ratio =
Total Per Unit Percent
Sales (400 surf boards) $ 200.000 $ 500 100%
Less: variable costs 120.000 300 60%
Contribution margin $ 80.000 $ 200 40%
Less: fixed costs 80.000
Net income $ -

$80,000
= $200,000 penjualan
40%
–

Pendekatan Formula:
Sales revenue – Variable costs – Fixed costs = Profit

Unit Sales Unit Sales

SP volume VC volume
× ×
in units in units

($500 × X) – ($300 × X) – $80,000 = $0

($200X) – $80,000 = $0

X = 400 units
 Laporan Arus Cash / Statement of Cash Flows

Statement of Cash Flows (CFs) mengukur arus

kas didalam perusahaan :

CF dari aktifitas operasi

PLUS
CF dari aktifitas pendanaan
PLUS
CF aktifitas investasi
EQUALS
Peningkatan (penurunan) dalam KAS.
Cash inflows
Ilustrasi konsep Arus Kas
Cash outflows

(1)
Generation of Cash flows from operating Expenditure of funds in
funds in normal activities normal operations
operations

+ (2)
Purchase of plant
and
Sale of plant Cash flows from investing equipment Long-term
and equipment activities investment

+ (3)
Liquidation of Cash flows from financing Retirement or
long-term activities repurchase of
investment bonds, common stock,
equals preferred stock, and
other securities

Sale of bonds, Add items 1, 2, and 3 Payment of cash

common stock, together to arrive at net dividends
preferred stock, increase (decrease) in cash
and other securities
Tahapan menghitung Cash flow dari aktifitas operasi
dengan metode tidak langsung:
Net income
+
Depreciation

Peningkatan di Aset Lancar

+
Penurunan di Aset Lancar
+
Peningkatan di hutang lancar

Penurunan di hutang lancar

Arus kas bersih dari aktifitas operasi

Statement of Cash Flows
For the Year Ending 31 December 2001
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (earnings after taxes) . . $ 110,500
Adjustments to determine cash flow
from operating activities:
Add back depreciation . .. $ 50,000
Increase in accounts receivable . (30,000)
Increase in inventory . . . (20,000)
Decrease in prepaid expenses . 10,000
Increase in accounts payable . . 35,000
Decrease in accrued expenses . . (5,000)
Total adjustments . 40,000
Net cash flows from operating activities $ 150,500
Cash flows from investing activities:
Increase in investments
(long-term securities) . .. . . (30,000)
Increase in plant and equipment .. (100,000)
Net cash flows from investing activities ($130,000)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Increase in bonds payable . 50,000
Preferred shares dividends paid . . (10,500)
Ordinary shares dividends paid . . (50,000)
Net cash flows from financing activities ($10,500)
Net increase (decrease) in cash flows $10,000