‫‪‬‬ ‫بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم‬

. . Objectives
J Anatomy of the Tooth.
J Tissues of the tooth.
J Types of Dentition/teeth.
J Dental Formula.
J Tooth Numbering Systems.
J Tooth Morphology.
J Significance of tooth
morphology.
J Tooth Relationship with
each others.
. . Objectives


J Dental Formula.
J Tooth Numbering Systems.
J Tooth Morphology.
J Significance of tooth
morphology.
J Tooth Relationship with each
others.



Prof. Dr. Naglaa
Bahgat Nagy
 DENTAL FORMULA.
 Dental arches (Maxillary &

Mandibular).

 Jaw quadrants (There are four

quadrants) .

 Half of the mouth (Right & left

halves).
 Ø
Ø
vTeeth
v Teeth are
are arranged
arranged in in two
two arches:
arches:
(Dental
(Dental Arches)
Arches)
ØØ-An
-An Upper
Upper ArchArch oror the
the
Maxillary
Maxillary arch.
arch.
ØØAA Lower
Lower arch arch or or the
the
Mandibular
Mandibular arch.arch.
Ø
Ø
vEach
v Each dental
dental arch
arch has
has aa Midline
Midline that
that
divides
divides the
the arch
arch Into
Into two
two approximately
approximately
equal
equal segments
segments or or Quadrant.
Quadrant. (Right
(Right &&
Left
Left ))
vThus,
v Thus, there
there are
are Four
Four Quadrants
Quadrants in in
the
the entire
entire oral
oral cavity.
cavity.
Ø
Ø
 Dental arches
 Teeth are arranged in two arches:-
 Upper [maxillary] & lower [mandibular]
arches.
 The teeth in the upper arch might not be
similar to those in the lower arch.
 Jaw Quadrants


ü An imaginary midline divides each arch

into two equal halves (a left half and a
right half).
ü Thus, the maxillary and mandibular arches
are each divided into two halves the
resulting four sections are called
quadrants, as follows:
1. Maxillary right quadrant.
2. Maxillary left quadrant.
3. Mandibular right quadrant.
4. Mandibular left quadrant.
 Half of the mouth
 The mouth could be divided into two
equal halves (right & left).
 Thus, each half contains the same
number and types of teeth.
 The formula which describes teeth in half
of the mouth is called dental formula.
 DENTAL FORMULA
 It is a shorthand way to indicate the type
and number of teeth in half of the
mouth in any mammals.
 The denomination (type) of each tooth is
represented by its initial letter (I, C, P,
M).
 Each letter is followed by a horizontal
line.
 The number of each type of teeth is
placed above the line for the maxillary
teeth and below the line for the
mandibular teeth.
 Dental formula for human
 Human has two sets of dentition
(diphyodont).
 The dental formula for deciduous teeth is:
 I ----- C ------ M -------- =10
 Thus, the child has 20 deciduous teeth.


 The dental formula for permanent teeth

is:
 I ----- C ------ P ------ M ------- = 16
 Thus, the adult person has 32 teeth.
Dental formula for sheep &
dogs
 Numbering Systems
 Numbering Systems

 Numbering systems have been

developed in order to have a standard way

of referring to particular teeth.

 Numbering Systems
 Universal Numbering System.

 Palmer Notation System.

 Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI).

Universal Numbering System.
 It assumes the two arches (upper & lower)
form a circle.
 It assigns a specific number to each
permanent tooth (one through thirty-two).
 It assigns a specific capital letter to each
deciduous tooth (A through T).
 The numbering system starts from the last
right maxillary tooth, going clockwise.
 The permanent right maxillary third molar is
designated as tooth #1 and the
permanent right maxillary central incisor
#8.
 The deciduous right maxillary second molar
is designated as tooth #A and the
deciduous right maxillary central incisor
#E.
 Universal System for Permanent Teeth.
Universal System for Deciduous Teeth
 Universal Numbering
System.
 Advantage:
 It is acceptable to the computer
language.


 Disadvantage:
 It doesn’t consider the jaw
quadrant clearly. Thus, similar
teeth are given various
numbers in different quadrants.
Palmer Notation System:
 It uses the quadrant system.
 It divides the maxillary and mandibular
arches into two quadrants (right and
left).
 It identifies each quadrant by a symbol.
 ┘for right maxillary quadrant.
└
┘ for left maxillary quadrant.
┘for right mandibular quadrant.
┘ for left mandibular quadrant.
 Permanent teeth are identified by
number, one through eight, in each
quadrant.
 Deciduous teeth are identified by
capital letters, A, B, C, D, E, in each
quadrant..
 The numbering system starts from the
 Palmer Notation System for
Permanent teeth
 
 Right  Left
 
 8765  12345678
4321 
  12345678
 8765
4321
 Palmer Notation System for
Deciduous teeth
 
 Right  Left
 
 EDCB  ABCDE
A 
  ABCDE
 EDCB
A
Palmer Notation System

ØAdvantage:
§Simple and easy in clinical
practice.

§
ØDisadvantage:
§Ii is not acceptable to the
computer language.
Federation Dentaire Internationale

(FDI)
 Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI)
§It is a two-digit system.
(1). The first digit indicates the quadrant:
§Quadrants for permanent teeth are given number one through four.
§Quadrants for deciduous teeth are given number five through eight.
§The quadrant numbering starts from the right maxillary quadrant
and goes clockwise.
§Thus, for permanent dentition, the quadrants number are:
§The right maxillary quadrant is #1.
§The left maxillary quadrant is #2.
§The right mandibular quadrant is #3.
§The left mandibular quadrant is #4.

§For deciduous dentition, the quadrants number are:

§The right maxillary quadrant is #5.
§The left maxillary quadrant is #6.
§The right mandibular quadrant is #7.
§The left mandibular quadrant is #8.
§
 Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI)

§It is a two-digit system.

(2). The second digit indicates the tooth.

§Both permanent and deciduous teeth are identified by numbers.

§Tooth numbering uses the quadrant system.

§It starts from the midline and goes backwards (for each quadrant).

§Permanent teeth are identified by numbers, one through eight.

§Deciduous teeth are identified by numbers, one through five.

§The tooth number is written next to the quadrant number.

§

§
FDI System for Permanent Teeth
FDI System for Deciduous Teeth
Federation Dentaire Internationale
(FDI)

v Advantage:
ü It is acceptable to the computer
language.


v Disadvantage:
ü It is somewhat confusing.
. . Objectives
J Anatomy of the Tooth.
J Tissues of the tooth.
J Types of Dentition/teeth.
J Dental Formula.
J Tooth Numbering Systems.
J Tooth Morphology.
J Significance of tooth
morphology.
J Tooth Relationship with
each others.
 TOOTH
MORPHOLOGY
  Tooth Morphology


 Tooth Surfaces.
 Division into Thirds.
 Line angles and point angles.
 Crown Elevations &
Depressions.
Tooth Morphology

Tooth
Surfaces
 Adult has Four Types of
Teeth: 2 1
3
vAnterior teeth which include:
4
1-Incisors:
ØIn each arch there are four incisors (two
central incisors and two lateral incisors).

2-Canines:
ØThere is one canine in each quadrant.
Ø

vPosterior teeth which include:

3-Premolars:
ØThere are two in each quadrant. First and
second premolars.

4-Molars:
ØThere are three in each quadrant. They are
the first molar, the second molar and the
 Tooth surfaces

Facial

Proximal

Cutting
 Tooth Surfaces
 Facial Surfaces:
 Labial/Buccal.
 Lingual/Palatal.
 Proximal Surfaces:
 Mesial.
 Distal.
 Cutting Surfaces:
 Incisal.
 Occlusal.

Upper (Maxillary) Arch
Incisal Surface

Labial/Buccal
Surface

Palatal
Surface

Occlusal Surface
Lower (Mandibular) Arch
Occlusal
Surface

Buccal Surface

Lingual
Surface

Incisal
Surface
Distal surface – towards the back of the mouth

Midline

Mesial surface – towards the front of the mouth

 Tooth Surfaces

Thus, each tooth has five

surfaces, which are named
according to their relative
position to the middle line, the
surrounding tissues or to their
functions.
Tooth Surfaces
 Division into thirds
Ø For descriptive purpose:
 Each surface of both crown and root could

be arbitrary divided horizontally and

vertically into three thirds.


 Thirds are named according to their

location in relation to other surfaces of
the tooth.

 Division into thirds
(1). Horizontally:
Cervico -occlusally/

-apically
 Crown has incisal (occlusal), middle and
cervical thirds.
 Root has apical, middle and cervical
thirds.
Horizontal thirds of the Crown :

Cervical third

Middle third

Incisal (Occlusal) third

Horizontal thirds of the Root

Cervical third

Middle third

Apical third
 Division into thirds
 (1). Vertically:
First: Bucco- (Labio) -lingually


(Palatally).
Crown has mesial, middle and distal


thirds.
Second: Mesio- distally.

 Crown has buccal (labial), middle and

lingual (palatal) thirds.

Vertical bucco-lingual thirds of
the Crown :

Mesial Middle Distal

third third third
Vertical mesio-distal thirds of
the Crown :

Buccal Middle Lingual

(Labial) third (palatal)
third third
Line angles & point angles
vLine angle:
 It is the junction between any two surfaces.


vPoint angle:
 It is the junction between any three
surfaces.

 Name
Line
angles
and point
angles in
this
figure?
Structural Features:


 Crown Elevations.


 Crown Depressions.



This will be given by Prof. Dr. Amal Radawn


 

Thank you