Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
REJECTED
REJECTED
REJECTED
Conclusion:
Line C equipment has the most rejected items (75 unit)
EXAMPLE : STRATIFICATION
WITHOUT STRATIFICATION WITH STRATIFICATION
Then at one time, in a month a total of 2400 customers complaint about spotty pictures.
The company had to recall all TV in all sizes from the market. How would you try to sort
the defects? What data that could be potentially stratified?.
2. CHECK SHEET
CHECK SHEET
Definition:
Planned action to collect data
Benefit:
1. Assist and simplify data collection
2. Standardize data collection
3. To track event
4. To identify problems
CHECK SHEET
HOW TO CREATE:
Use the basic questions
(5W+1H):
1. What?
2. Where?
3. Who?
4. When?
5. Why?
6. How?
CHECK SHEET
Example : Telephone interruptions for front desk
PLANNING FOR DATA COLLECTION
(ROLE OF CHECK SHEET IN DATA COLLECTION)
1. Select What to Measure
2. Develop Operational Definitions
3. Identify Data Sources
4. Prepare a data Collection and Sampling
Plan
5. Implement and Refine the data collection
process
ACTIVITY
DEFINITION:
A Pareto chart is a bar graph.
The lengths of the bars represent frequency or cost (time or
money), and are arranged with longest bars on the left and the
shortest to the right. In this way the chart visually depicts
which situations are more significant.
PARETO CHART
BENEFIT:
Improvement or solution could be based on
principle of “Vital Few” from “Trivial Many”.
Focusing resource on cause or problems that
could yield highest return
Comparing frequency from different root cause
PARETO CHART
10 Cumulative
10 10
100%
5 5
5 5 3
3
2 2
1
0 0
Defect Defect Defect 3 Defect 4 Defect Defect Defect 3 Defect 14
1 2 1 2
Conclusion
On the first project, team concentrates on 1 object. It also effects other objects
4. Histogram
DEFINISI:
A frequency distribution showing how often each different value
in a set of data occurs. A histogram is the most commonly
used graph to show frequency distributions.
BENEFIT:
Useful to test form and distribution of data:
To see range and distribution of data (example: weight of sent
items, purchasing in PO)
To see variation and level of completion in
specification/customer satisfaction (size, cycle time,
temperature, dsb).
DATA FOR HISTOGRAM
(EMPLOYEE HEIGHT - WEIGHT (KG)) CHECK SHEET FOR HISTOGRAM
er
35
S
30
er
25
S
20 er
15 S
er
10
Normal
You could give customer specification on the histogram visually and you could know how far the process
satisfy customer requirements.
You could also show average values and standard deviation as numbers that represent process.
25
20
15
10
Skewed Distribution
25
20
15
10
Bimodal distribution
25
20
15
10
Rarely happens
50 42 52 38 52
44 43 61 51 52
40 50 53 48 53
51 52 49 50 43
Conclusion?
5. FISHBONE DIAGRAM
CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAM
DEFINISI:
The fishbone diagram identifies many possible causes for an
effect or problem. It can be used to structure a brainstorming
session. It immediately sorts ideas into useful categories.
Could also be used to brainstorm methods to achieve a
purpose
Developed in 1943 by Prof Kaoru Ishikawa. Often known as
Ishikawa diagram of fishbone diagram because it is similar to
a fishbone
CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAM
BENEFIT:
1. Identifying major causes to a problem
2. Identifying root cause to a problem
3. Providing alternatives to problem solving
method
CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAM
STEPS IN USING CAUSE AND
EFFECT DIAGRAM
1. Agree on a problem statement (effect). Write it at the
center right of the flipchart or whiteboard. Draw a box
around it and draw a horizontal arrow running to it.
2. Brainstorm the major categories of causes of the
problem. If this is difficult use generic headings:
Method
Machines (equipments)
People (manpower)
Materials
Environment
Metrology
3. Write the categories of causes as branches from the
main arrow.
STEPS IN USING CAUSE AND
EFFECT DIAGRAM
DEFINITION:
The scatter diagram graphs pairs of numerical data,
with one variable on each axis, to look for a
relationship between them. If the variables are
correlated, the points will fall along a line or curve.
The better the correlation, the tighter the points will
hug the line.
SCATTER DIAGRAM
BENEFIT:
Present data to confirm a hypothesis on a correlation between
2 variables
To understand how tight the correlation between 2 variables
As a tool to verify root cause from using cause and effect
diagram
SCATTER DIAGRAM
EXAMPLE CORRELATION:
Between customer visit to sales result
Between customer complaint and revenue
Between hours of work and work result
Between number of salesman to number of sales
Between age of machine and total breakdown time
Between number of samples inspected with total defects
Between frequency of repairs and number of rejects
Between inventory levels and wastes
Between training hours and work related accidents
TYPES OF CORRELATION BETWEEN TWO
TYPES OF
VARIABLES
SCATTER DIAGRAM
Number of visits
Definition
Tools to determine whether a process is in a state
of statistical control
CONTROL CHART
Benefit
Helps us to see visually whether we have a
capable process
Whether our process is deviating from
specification
CONTROL CHART