GT GAS FUEL AND COMBUSTION &

VENTILATION SYSTEMAIR FLOW

By: Mr. Muhammad Anas

 LM6000 AIR FLOW
GE LM6000 PC NDW-S
L - Lands
M - Marine
PC - Model Number
N - Nox Control
D - Duel Fuel
W - Water Wash
S - Sprint
Gas Fuel Advantages
• Least amount of handling
• Simplest burners systems
• Burner systems require least maintenance
• Environmental benefits: lowest GHG and other emissions
 Natural gas
• Methane: 95%
• Remaining 5%: ethane, propane, butane, pentane, nitrogen,
carbon dioxide, other gases
• High calorific value fuel
• Does not require storage facilities
• No sulphur
• Mixes readily with air without producing smoke or soot
 Principle of combustion
• Combustion: rapid oxidation of a fuel
• Complete combustion: total oxidation of fuel (adequate supply of
oxygen needed)
• Air: 20.9% oxygen, 79% nitrogen and other
• Nitrogen: (a) reduces the combustion efficiency (b) forms NOx at
high temperatures
• Carbon forms (a) CO2 (b) CO resulting in less heat production
HHV and LHV
• Heating value is the amount of heat produced by a complete
combustion of fuel and it is measured as a unit of energy per unit
mass or volume of substance (e.g., kcal/kg, kJ/kg, J/mol and Btu/m³).
The heat of combustion of fuels is expressed by the higher and lower
heating values (HHV and LHV).

• The higher heating value is also known as the gross calorific value.
The higher heating value (HHV) is measured using a bomb
calorimeter; and defined as the amount of heat released when fuel is
combusted and the products have returned to a temperature of 25°C.
The heat of condensation of the water is included in the total
measured heat.

• The lower heating value (LHV) is defined as the net calorific value and
is determined by subtracting the heat of vaporization of water vapor
(generated during combustion of fuel) from the higher heating value.
HHV and LHV
• Same types of fuels can usually be compared according to their HHV,
whereas the different types of fuels are usually compared according
to their LHV. Because hydrogen contents of the different types of
fuels are different from each other (e.g. oil and coal); therefore, it is
necessary to determine the hydrogen content of the fuel for
calculating the LHV.

• The specific gravity of a gas, γ, is the ratio of the density of the gas at
standard pressure and temperature to the density of air at the same
standard pressure and temperature. The standard temperature is
usually 60°F, and the standard pressure is usually 14.696 psia.
However, slightly different standards are sometimes used in different
locations and in different units
Natural Gas Report
FUEL GAS SYSTEM
FUEL GAS SYSTEM
• The fuel gas system provides fuel gas in sufficient amounts to run the LM6000 through the
full scale of operations.

The fuel gas enters the enclosure base at the following conditions:
•250°F (121°C) Max.
•675± 20 Psig
•Filtered to 3 micron

The fuel gas enters the enclosure and passes by or through the following:
•A 100-mesh “Y” type strainer
•The fuel flow element, which sends a signal to the turbine control panel
•The upstream fuel gas shut off valve
•The fuel gas control valve
•The downstream fuel gas shut off valve
•The fuel gas manifold
•The fuel nozzles
Fuel Gas Strainer

• The fuel gas strainer stops any “large” contamination from reaching
the rest of the fuel system. This is sometimes referred to as the “last
chance strainer.”
Fuel Gas Flow Meter
The fuel gas flow meter is a vortex shedding type with a remote
converter. The flow meter sends a signal of total fuel flow to the
turbine control panel (TCP).
Fuel Gas Totalizer
The fuel gas totalizer receives signals from the fuel gas flow
meter, plus fuel gas pressure, and temperature signals and
calculates a corrected fuel flow for the LM6000.
Fuel Gas Shutoff Valves
• Since both the upstream and downstream shutoff valves are the
same type of valve, the following describes the operation and
function of both valves. The fuel gas shutoff valves are normally
closed, fuel gas pressure-to-open type valves.
• During the start sequence, the shut off valves are ordered open by
the TCP. This allows fuel gas to flow to the fuel control valve and to
the gas turbine.
Fuel Gas Vent Valve

• The fuel gas vent valve is a normally open type solenoid valve. This
valve works with the fuel gas shutoff valves.
• When the fuel gas shutoff valves are closed, the vent valve is open,
venting the piping between the shutoff valves to a safe area. When
the shutoff valves open, the vent valve closes.
WATER INJECTION

Liquid Fuel Pri / Gas Fuel

Sec Fuel supply / Water

Gas Fuel / CDP Inj in gas fuel / Gas fuel /
Purge (in liq fuel) Diesel & Demin water
LM6000 AIR FLOW
 LM6000 AIR FLOW
LM6000 PC has 11 Major external Pneumatic Tubing Design and three Strut
location.
The struts are located in the front frame ,CRF and TRF,

A-B-C-D & E SUMP VENTS

Two interfaces are provided to the customer for venting the three bearing sumps.
These vents direct the sump air/oil mixtures to reclaim lubrication oil.
 LM6000 AIR FLOW
B & C SUMP PRESSURIZAING
LPC Discharge air from the front frame is directed though a single manifold to the
CRF where it supplies pressurized air for the sump B & C.

BALANCE PISTON
11th Stage HPC air extracted at 12th O’ clock Position on HPC case. This air
directed aft through Orifice into the TRF at struts 3 & 8 for supplying the balance
piston system cavity. The LPT rotor thrust balance system is designed to maintain
the axial thrust loading on the No. 1B thrust bearing within design limits. The
balance piston static seal is mounted to the TRF hub. Stage 11 HPC bleed air is
routed through three TRF
 LM6000 AIR FLOW
struts to generate the required axial loading through the rotor thrust balance
system.

 HPC 8th STAGE BLEED

Stage 8th bleed air is extracted through holes bored in the stator casing aft of the
stage 8 vane dovetails. A Manifold combines the two HPC case ports into a single
interface.

Compressor Discharge BLEED

The CDP bleed manifold combines two compressor case bleed ports into a single
interface.
 LM6000 AIR FLOW
HP & LP RECOUP
The HP recoup air is connected by manifolds from the compressor rear frame
struts 4 and 10 to the LPT stage 1 nozzle area on the LPT case. HP recoup air is
used for cooling of the aft position of the LPT stage 1 nozzle vanes. LP recoup air is
bled overboard from CRF
struts 5 through
HPT Cooling
Stage 11 HPC bleed air is used for cooling the stage 2 HPT nozzle. Four external
tubes extract stage 11 air from the compressor and are branched into two ports
on the HPT case
 LM6000 AIR FLOW
 LPT Cooling
Stage 8 HPC air is routed through two manifolds to the stage 1 LPT nozzle for
cooling its leading edge cavity.

 Passive Clearance Control

LPC discharge air is extracted at the front frame and discharged through small
holes in tubing that surrounds the LPT case.
The cooling air reduces LPT clearance resulting in increased turbine efficiency.
VENTILATION & COMBUSTION AIR SYSTEM
PURPOSE
To filter and manage the Ventilation and Combustion Air flow.
STATISTICS
Engine Combustion Air 230,000 scfm (70%)
Turbine Ventilation Air 60,000 scfm (17%)
Generator Ventilation Air 45,000 scfm (13%)
Total Typical Air Flow 335,000 scfm
GAS TURBINE ENCLOSURE VENTILATION AIR SYSTEM

The gas turbine ventilation air system provides the gas turbine
enclosure with sufficient ventilation air to cool the gas turbine exterior
and the inside of the enclosure.

Air flows through the filters in the filter house. From the filter house
the air flows down the ductwork into the gas turbine enclosure. Next
the air is removed from the gas turbine enclosure by the
enclosure/exhaust fans and is discharged back to the atmosphere. This
maintains the gas turbine enclosure under a negative pressure.
GAS TURBINE COMBUSTION AIR SYSTEM

The combustion air system provides a sufficient amount of combustion

air for the LM6000 to operate at all required operating levels. Air
enters the filter house and flows through the chiller / heater coils.
Then the air flows through barrier filters, drift eliminator located in the
filter house, down the duct to the inlet bellmouth screen (last chance)
and into the inlet volute. The inlet volute turns the airflow from a
downward flow to a horizontal flow and into the LM6000 gas turbine.

From the LM6000 the exhaust gases pass thru outlet guide vanes
which will evenly distribute the exhaustgases thru the exhaust
collector before discharged back into the atmosphere.
GENERATOR ENCLOSURE VENTILATION AIR SYSTEM

The generator ventilation air system provides the generator enclosure

with sufficient ventilation air to cool the generator and the inside of
the generator enclosure. Air flows through the filters in the filter
house.
From the filter house the air is drawn into one of the generator cooling
fans and is discharged into the generator enclosure. From the
generator enclosure the air flows into each end of the generator. On
the driven end of the generator the air flows along the rotor shaft and
is then discharged into the generator exhaust and back to the
atmosphere. On both ends of the generator rotor shaft are mounted
fans that draw air from the generator enclosure. Most of the air flows
along the rotor shaft and is then discharge into the generator exhaust.
A portion of incoming air flows across the exciter and is then
discharged back into the generator air-cooling stream.
Filtration

• Barrier filters (high efficiency filter) may consist of a canister or bag

type filter element. All units will have barrier filters as these are the
primary filter for the unit.

• Inlet screens are a large mesh, stainless steel screen mounted on the
opening to the filter house to prevent birds and large sized garbage
from entering the filter house.

• Guard filters are a disposable pre-filter used to extend the operating

life of the barrier filter. They are easy to change out and less
expensive than the barrier filters.

• Drift eliminators are moisture separators designed to remove water

droplets from the airflow.
Pre Pre filters • First layer of filters
• Remove dust and other contaminants.
• There are 40 pre-pre filters on each side.
• Their visual inspection is done on daily basis to check
the condition

Guard filters • Second layer of the filters.

• There are 80 guard filters on each side (A&B) .
• Combustion side = 50 ; Ventilation side = 30
• They are inspected visually, also differential pressure
(DP) is monitored across them

Cartridge • Last layer of filters

Filters • There are 76 cartridge filters on each side.
• Combustion side = 56; Ventilation side= 20
• Filtration up to 3 microns. The life of cartridge filters is
increased by the use of blanket over the internal
periphery of the cylinder. There are two gaskets used for
further sealing and to avoid any penetration of
unfiltered air into the darkroom.

35
FOD Screen

• This is the “last chance” filtration of the combustion air before it

enters the LM6000. The screen is across the inlet bellmouth. The
screen is rated at 1200 micron and is supported by a stainless steel
mesh. This screen is designed to catch any small foreign objects. The
FOD screen has two sizes of synthetic filters that can be installed to
increase protection.
Turbine Enclosure Ventilation Fans
• The gas turbine enclosure ventilation fans remove hot air from the
gas turbine enclosure and discharge the air back into the
atmosphere. Because of this arrangement the gas turbine enclosure
has a “negative” pressure. This prevents any gas migration from the
gas turbine enclosure to the generator enclosure. Normal operation
is to run one fan and have one fan as back up. The fans are belt
driven by electric motors. Fans will alternate as lead fan upon each
start.Each fan is rated at 60,000 scfm (1699.01scmm) and is 66” (1.68
meters) in diameter.
Generator Enclosure Ventilation Fans

The generator enclosure ventilation fans force cooling air from the
filter house into the generator enclosure. Because of this fan
arrangement the generator enclosure has a “positive” pressure. This
prevents any gas migration from the gas turbine enclosure to the
generator enclosure. The fans are direct driven by electric motors.
Normal operation is to run one fan and have one fan as back up. Fans
will alternate as lead fan upon each start. Each fan is rated at 45,000
scfm (1274.25 scmm) and is 42” (1.07 meters) in diameter.