Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
BCA20
Chapter 1
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! permarket ± inventory & checko t
Credit card ± p rchases & cash advance
A tomated teller machines ± deposits,
withdrawals & balance inq iry
Travel agent ± booking, reservation &
ticketing
Library ± catalog, loans & ret rns
Ins rance ± c stomer information
University ± st dent information
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An à à
is a system that
collects and stores data. (
à)
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aatabase is a shared collection of logically related data,
and a description of this data, designed to meet the
information needs of an organization.
2
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aata are raw facts
Fact abo t something,
someone, entity, event or other
similar things
± the ³data abo t data´.
Table 1.1 Example of a aay !ales of Contain !hoe !izes.
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Are data that has been analyzed and synthesized
Information is data that has been processed and organized
into a significant form to facilitate decision making.
á
Fig re 1.1 Example of !hoe !ales Based On !hoe !izes Within 6 Months
aata
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Operation
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Works well while the n mber of items to be stored is
small.
It even works q ite adeq ately when there are large
n mbers of items and we have only to store and retrieve
them.
Man al filing breaks down when we have to cross-
reference or process the information in the files.
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Applications ins lated from
how data is str ct red and stored.
àà
m Protection from changes in
àstr ct re of data.
àà
m Protection from changes in
àstr ct re of data.
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Programmers m st design their own separate file
formats
Non-standard file formats
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File-based systems are very dependent to application
developer/programmer who will be the one to write the
req ired q eries or reports.
As a res lt, the type of q ery or report that co ld be
prod ced is fixed.
In other organization, proliferation of files and
application programs reached a point where the aata
Processing aepartment, with its c rrent reso rces,
co ld not handle all the work.
Excessive programming maintenance.
80% of information systems b dget
! /
Is a shared collection of logically related data, and a
description of this data, designed to meet the information
needs of an organization.
No longer owned by one department b t is a shared
corporate reso rce.
Instead of disconnected files with red ndant data, all data
items are integrated with a minim m amo nt of d plication.
Is also called a
àà à
beca se database not only holds the organization¶s
operational data b t also the description of these data.
aata is managed by a controlling agent
!tored in a standardized, convenient form
aatabase approach separates the str ct re of the
data from the application program and stores it in
a database. If new data str ct res are added or
existing str ct res are modified (e.g. new fields to
a record, create new files) then the application
programs are naffected, provided they do not
directly depend pon what has been modified.
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An u is a distinct object (e.g., person, place, thing,
concept, or event) in the organization that is to be
represented in the database.
An u is a property that describes some aspect of
the object that we wish to record.
A u
is an association between entities.
Is simply a program that interacts with the database at
some point in its exec tion
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Incl des a collection of application programs that interact
with the database.
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aBM! is a software system that enables sers to define,
maintain, and control access to the database.
It provides controlled access to the database s ch asm
A sec rity system, which prevents na thorized sers
accessing the database;
An integrity system, which maintains the consistency of
stored data;
A conc rrent control system, which restores the database
to a previo s consistent state following a hardware or
software fail re;
A ser- accessing catalog, which contains descriptions of
the data in the database.
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2!
User
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Can range from a PC to a network of
comp ters.
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aBM!, operating system, network software (if
necessary) and also the application programs.
2!
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2
2!
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req ires a thoro gh nderstanding of the system
to avoid fail re
!3
occ pying many megabytes of disk space and
req iring s bstantial amo nt of memory to r n
efficiently
2!
± acq isition and maintenance of new hardware
and software
2!
± necessary to achieve req ired performance
3
± req ires hiring of new specialist staffs which
req ires training that event ally req ires cost
0
since reso rces are centralized, fail re of any
component can bring the fail re of all
2!
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aifferent sers get different views of the data
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Constraints, data validation r les
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aisaster recovery is easier
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All data access is done in the same way
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