Chapter # 1

Eye
Lecturer: Summaya gul
Eye
 The eye is an organ that detects light and
sends signals along the optic nerve to the
brain. In humans, the eye is a valuable
sense organ that gives us the ability to
see. It allows for light perception and
vision, including the ability to differentiate
between colors and depth.
Tunic
 Anatomically, the wall of the eye ball can
be divided into three layers known as
tunic.
 Fibrous tunic
 Vascular tunic
 Nervous tunic.
Fibrous tunic
 The outermost surface of the eyeball
 It consist of three tissues;
 The sclera
 The conjunctiva
 The cornea
sclera
 The sclera covers over 80% of the eyeball.
 Though, fibrous layer which maintain the
shape of the eyeball.
 Protect the eye.
 It is often referred to as the white of the
eye.
conjunctiva
 The sclera at the front of the eye is itself
covered by conjunctiva.
 A thin transparent membrane that not only
cover the sclera but also the lens
underside of the eyelids.
cornea
 The tough transparent membrane of the
outer layer of the eye ball that cover the
iris and the pupil.
Vascular Tunic
 Middle layer of the eyeball.
 It consist of three tissues;
 Choroid
 Iris
 Ciliary bodies
Choroid
 It is the middle layer of the eyeball surface
and is situated beneath the sclera.
 It contain many blood vessels and
supplies oxygen and nutrients to the retina
beneath it.
Iris
 The iris is the colored part of the eye and
is an extension of the ciliary body.
 It control size of the lens.
Ciliary body
 A ring of tissue that encircle the lens.
 It contain smooth muscle fibers that help
to control shape of the lens.
Nervous Tunic
 The inner most layer and consist of
 Retina
 Fovea
 Optic disc
 Rods and cons
Retina

 Delicate multilayered, sensitive membrane

lining the inner eyeball and connected by
the optic nerve to the brain.
Fovea

 Are the area consisting of a small

depression in the retina containing cones
and where the vision is most acute.
Optic disc

 A small oval shaped area of the retina in

which vision is not expensed.
 Also known as blind spot.
Rods

 Provide the ability to see in black and

white. They allow us to discriminate
between varying shades of darkness or
light and permit us to see shapes and
moment.
Cones

 It provide us the ability to see colors. They

also provide high visual acuity (sharpness
of vision) in bright light situation.
Color defects
Protanopia

 A form of color blindness in which the

person is unable to distinguish shades of
red and has confusion of red with green or
yellowish green.
Deuteranopia

 Defective color vision with confusion of red

and green, and retention of the sensory
mechanism for only the hues of blue and
yellow.
Trinopia

 A defect of eyesight in which the retina

does not respond to blue and yellow.
Focusing disorder
Myopia
 A visual defect in which distant objects
appear blurred because their images are
focused in front of the retina rather then on
it.
 Also known as nearsightedness.
Hyperopia
 An abnormal condition of the eye in which
vision is better for distinct objects then for
near objects. It result from the eyeball
being too short for light rays to properly
focus on the retina, thus forming a blurred
image.
Other senses
Other senses include: chemical senses, smell or
olfaction, and touch.
Chemical senses
Taste is called a chemical senses because a
stimulus are various chemicals.
Five basic tastes
There are four basic tastes such as sweet, salty,
sour and bitter. There now appears to b a fifth
called umami, a meaty-cheesy taste found in
cheese, meat and pizza.
Taste buds
On the surface of the tongue are receptors,
called taste buds, which are shape like
miniature onion. The function of taste buds is
to perform transduction, which means
transforming chemical reaction in to impulses.
Chemicals dissolved in the saliva activate the
taste buds, which produce nerve impulses that
reach areas in the brain. The brain transforms
these nerve impulses in to sensation of taste.
Olfaction
Sense of smell is called olfaction. It is
a chemical sense because its stimuli
are various chemicals that are carried
by the air.
Olfactory cells
The upper part of the nose has a small area
that contains receptor cells for olfaction. The
function of the olfactory cells is transduction,
to transform chemical reaction to nerve
impulse. These cells trigger nerve impulses
that travel to the brain, which interprets the
impulses as different smells.
Touch
The sense of touch includes pressure,
temperature, and pain. Beneath the outer
layer of skin are half-dozen miniature
sensors that are receptors for the sense
of touch. The function of the touch
sensors is to change mechanical
pressure or changes in temperature in to
nerve impulses that are sent to the brain
for processing.
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