Learning

 Classical Conditioning Lecturer Raazia Aslam

Psychology
 CLASSICAL CONDITION AND OPERANT
CONDITION IN LANGUAGE LEARNING

• Classical condition by Pavlov

• Operant condition by B,F, skinner

 PAVLOV

 Ian Pavlov was a famous Russian psychologist

 He lived from 1849 to 1936

 He made many discovery in psychology

 Pavlov won the Nobel prize in psychology

 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

• Classical condition is a learning technique associated with the relation between

stimulus and its response

• classical conditioning involves the interplay between three elements:

• Conditioned Stimulus

• Unconditioned Stimulus

• Conditioned Response
PAVLOV'S EXPERIMENT
• Pavlov conduct a experiment on dog and he measured the
amount of saliva secreted by dog, with the use of surgical
producer. When it was exposed to different stimulus. At first when
Pavlov presented a piece of meat to the dog, he noticed a great
amount of salivation. Where in second time when ha ring the bell.
He observed there was no salivation ,
• After this, Pavlov rang the bell accompanied with meat and he
noticed the salivation of dog. He repeated this process several
time, and finally, one day he just rang the bell without meat and
observe that dog still salivated to the bell alone which was
originally a natural stimulus
 FOUR COMPONENTS OF CONDITION
• The unconditioned stimulus
• is one that unconditionally, naturally and automatically riggers
a
response

• The unconditioned response

• Is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the
unconditioned response
FOUR COMPONENTS OF CONDITION
• The conditioned stimulus
• is previously natural stimulus that, after becoming
associate with the unconditioned stimulus ,eventually
comes to trigger a conditioned response.

• The conditioned response

• is the learned response to the previously natural
stimulus
JOHN BROADUS WATSON
• J.B Watson was a famous American psychologist

• He lived from January 9, 1878 to September 25, 1958

• Establish the psychological school of behaviorism

J.B WATSON EXPERIMENT

• In J.B Watson experiment fear response was

conditioned In a young boy known “Little Albert”.
The child initially showed no fear of a white rat,
but after the presentation of the rat was paired
with loud scary sound , the child would cry when
the rate when the rat was present. The child also
generalized to other fuzzy objects.
ELEMENTS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
LITTLE ALBERT EXPERIMENT
Albert experiment presents and example of how classical
conditioning can be used an emotional response

 Natural stimulus : The white rat

 Unconditional stimulus : The loud noise
 Unconditional response : No Fear
 Conditioned stimulus : The white rate
 Unconditional response : Fear
OPERANT CONDITION BY B,F, SKINNER

• An American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social

philosopher
• Born: 20 March 1904 Died: 18 August 1990
• Known for: Operant conditioning, Operant conditioning chamber, Radical
behaviorism
B.F. SKINNER'S
EXPERIMENT
B.F. SKINNER'S EXPERIMENT

• A hungry rate was placed in the skinner box and

every time it pressed the lever it was rewarded with
a food pellet in the food dish was used to reinforce
its behavior
 RESULT
• Rats scurried around the box randomly touching parts of
the floor and wall. the rate accidently touched lever and
food pellet was released. The same sequence was
repeated and with more trail the time taken to press the
lever eventually decreased. The random movement of
rate become deliberate. The rat ate the food as fast as
they could press the lever.
SKINNER PROPOSED THREE TYPES OF
RESPONSE
 THAT FOLLOW BEHAVIOR

• Natural response : these response do not increase or

decrease the probability of the action being repeated
• Reinforcement : are response to a behavior which are
designed to increase the likelihood of behavior will
repeated
• Positive Reinforcement : is where a pleasant stimulus
(such is food provided) following the desired behavior
• negative Reinforcement : is where negative stimulus
is taken is taken away fowling the desired behavior
PUNISHMENT
Are response to a behavior which are designed to decrease the probability of
behavior will repeated

• Positive Punishment is where negative stimulus is added following the

undesired behavior
• Negative Punishment: is where positive stimulus is taken away fowling the
undesired behavior (such is sweets after dinner)