CHAPTER 2:- INCREASED

WESTERN INTEREST IN
BRUNEI
(JAMES BROOKE AS
GOVERNOR OF SARAWAK)
CONTENTS:-

iv. How James Brooke was appointed.

v. How James Brooke ended the
rebellion in Sarawak.
vi. Murder of Pg. Muda Hashim.
vii.Cession of Labuan, 1846.
viii.Pg. Indra Mahkota.
ix. Anglo Brunei treaty of friendship and
commerce, 1847.
JAMES BROOKE APPOINTED AS A
GOVERNOR OF SARAWAK.
In Sarawak, there was a
rebellion against the
oppressive rule of Pg.
Indra Mahkota who forced
the local to extract
antimony ore.
In 1834, SOAS II sent his
uncle, Pg. Muda Hashim to
settle the rebellion.
Pg. Muda Hashim asked
James Brooke for help to
put down the rebellion, but
James Brooke refused to
interfere the Brunei’s
affair. Then he left for
• But, in 1840, he returned back to
Singapore after analyzing the political
situation in Sarawak, then he decided
to take advantages in Sarawak.
• In Sarawak, there was a rebellion led
by Datu Patinggi Ali against Pg. Indra
Mahkota.
• Then, there were conflict between Pg.
Indra Mahkota and Pg. Muda Hashim.
• James Brookes knew that the Pg. Muda
Hashim was the important person and
he also uncle of SOAS II.
James brooke agreed to help Pg. Indra
Mahkota to settle this rebellion, with
condition Pg. Indra Mahkota appointed
James Brooke to become a governor of
Sarawak.
James Brooke agreed to settle the
rebellion and so, Pg. Indera Mahkota
was removed from his position as
Governor of Sarawak.
Then, when the rebellion ended,
James Brooke asked Pg. Muda Hashim
to fulfill his promise.
 HOWEVER,
• Pg. Muda Hashim refused to appoint
James Brooke as the Governor of
Sarawak.
• With an angry of James Brooke, he
threatened to attack the house of Pg.
Muda Hashim.
• On 24 Sept 1841, Pg. Muda Hashim
appointed James Brooke as the
Governor of Sarawak by signing the
Treaty of 1841.
• As a result, Pg. Indera Mahkota had to
• But the Treaty of 1841 was not binding
without the Sultan’s approval, James
Brooke then set off for Brunei and
signed Treaty of 1842 with SOAS II on
31st July 1842.
• Under the terms of the treaty, SOAS II
confirmed James Brooke as the
Governor of Sarawak.
TERMS UNDER THE TREATY OF
31ST JULY 1842
• Under the treaty, James Brooke was
appointed as Governor of Sarawak. In
return, he agreed to:
(a). Pay the Sultan $2550 annually
(b). Maintain the custom and religion.
(c). Not to separate Sarawak from
Brunei.
With his appointment as Governor of
Sarawak, James Brooke’s ambition
grew. He then made plans for:

(a). Take more territories from a weak

Brunei.
(b). Set up a good government in
Brunei.
(c). Put an end to piracy in the region.
 HOW JAMES BROOKE SEIZED MORE
TERRITORIES FROM BRUNEI:

• He agreed to pay good money to the Sultan for

the land lease.
• He threaten the Sultan.
• He even attacked Brunei and challenged the
Sultan of Brunei’s authority.
• He used gunboat diplomacy
• He used open aggregation and used
negotiation.
THE MURDER OF PENGIRAN MUDA
HASHIM.
In 1845, Pg. Muda Hashim returned
from Sarawak to Brunei Town with a
British naval Captain named EDWARD
BLECHER. While Pg. Muda Hashim was
in Sarawak, Pg. Usop was appointed
as Bendahara. With the help of James
Brooke and British Royal Navy, Pg
Muda Hashim was again reappointed
as Bendahara. Pg. Muda Hashim also
wanted to be the next Sultan of
 This had upset SOAS II’s son, Pg.
Temenggong Pg. Anak Hashim and
also wished to be the next Sultan. As a
result, there was a succession dispute
in Brunei. Pg. Temenggong Pg. Anak
Hashim planned to kill Pg. Muda
Hashim.
At the same, the Malay chiefs also
hated Pg. Muda Hashim because he
was Pro-British, he used James Brooke
to become a Bendahara and because
of misunderstanding between Pg.
Muda Hashim and Pg. Temenggong Pg.
Muda Hashim.
WHY DID THE JAMES BROOKE TAKE
REVENGE BECAUSE OF THE
MURDER OF PG. MUDA HASHIM
AND HIS FAMILY.
Because James Brooke had close
relationship with Pg. Muda Hashim.
He promised to help Pg. Muda
Mahkota, he wanted to claim the
throne of Brunei.
He was shocked and angry when
heard about the murder of Pg. Muda
He viewed the massacre as a personal
insult and a challenge to the prestige
of the British.
With the help of Thomas Cochrane
and the two BRITISH warships James
Brooke took revenge on Brunei.
Besides, the incident had gave
opportunity for James Brooke to
expand his territorial ambition in
Borneo.
 HOW DID JAMES BROOKE TAKE
REVENGE ON BRUNEI FOR THE
MURDER OF PG. MUDA HASHIM?
On 8 July 1846, the British attacked and
occupied Brunei Town.
SOAS II fled to Damuan.
The British gunboats easily destroyed
Brunei’s defence.
Brunei was unable to defend itself
because James Brooke had better
weapons and support of the British
Royal Navy.
To end the British occupation of Brunei, SOAS II
had to return to Brunei Town and was forced to
sign Treaty of 1846 with James Brooke on 2nd
Aug 1846.

THE TERMS OF TREATY OF 2NDAUG

1846 ARE:

v. James Brooke was recognized as RAJA OF

SARAWAK.
vi. He was given the territories from Tanjung
Datu to the Samarahan River.
vii. He was free to appoint his position his own
successor as Raja of Sarawak.
viii.He was paid to the Sultan $ 4000 a year.
WHAT WERE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
TREATY OF 1846.

Because of this treaty James Brooke

Became the fully right of the Sarawak
and it was not under Brunei again. He
was also had an absolute ruler who
was free to expand his territories.
Because of this treaty marked the
beginning of the British forceful
intervention in Brunei.
 CESSION OF LABUAN, 1846
BRITISH INTEREST IN LABUAN
Because:
d) Labuan was strategic place position
for British ships sailing between
Singapore and China to take shelter.
e) There was plenty of coal in Labuan so
it could be a suitable coaling station
for British steamships during the long
journey between Singapore and
China.
c)More importantly, the British were
worried about the German, French and
American activities in South China
Sea. So they needed a port in North
Borneo to protect their interest.
d) Also because the British
businessmen put pressure on the
British Government to occupy Labuan.
 HOW DID THE BRITISH ACQUIRE LABUAN
IN 1846
ii. In 1846, the British put pressure on
SOAS II to cede Labuan to the British.
Captain Rodney Mundy line up British
warship near the Sultan’s palace, with
canons ready to fire if the Sultan
refused to sign it.
iii. Brunei had to sign it because they have
no choice.
iv. iii. On 18th Dec 1846, Captain Rodney
and SOAS II signed the Treaty of
Labuan.
v. vi. James Brooke was the first British
WHAT THE EFFECT OF THE CESSION OF
LABUAN.

Because :
Brunei lost its only gateway in the sea to the
outside world.
ØBrunei lost the coal and main sources of
income.
ØLabuan was an important of port-of-call
The local people worried about the
further of British intervention in Brunei
and the further lost of Brunei land.
SYAIR RAKIS was written by Pg. Indera
Mahkota for the lost of Labuan.
This poem advice the people the
importance of education and good
governor.
 WHO WAS PG. INDRA MAHKOTA.
He was important person in 19th
century.
He was received an education in
Batavia and Netherlands.
In 1824, he was appointed as a
Governor of Sarawak.
He was an educated person.
He was from Kuching Town.
1830s, the local people of Sarawak
rebelled his rule.
To end the rebellion he was removed
from his position.
Then he left for Mukah.
Then he was called by the Sultan to
assist the Sultan in the administration.
He was the one who write Syair Rakis.
He was murdered on his way to
supress the rebellion in Limbang in
1858.
 ANGLO BRUNEI TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP
AND COMMERCE, 1847
In 1847, Brunei signed the Anglo-Brunei Treaty
of Friendship and commerce with the British.
It was signed on 27th May 1847 between SOAS
II and James Brooke.

WHAT WERE THE TERMS AND SIGNIFICANCE

OF THE TREATY ON BRUNEI AND BRITAIN.
For Brunei are:
The Sultan of Brunei couldn’t surrender any
territories without the consent of Britain.
Brunei and Britain would eliminate duties and
taxes on all imports from and export to one
another.
 Both Britain and Brunei would work to
suppress piracy in the seas.

For Britain:
British could enter freely to Brunei.
They can eliminate duties and taxes
on all imports and exports entering
their respective countries.
British would have special privilege to
enter and engage in trade in Brunei.
WHAT WERE THE CONSEQUENCES OF
ANGLO-BRUNEI TREATY AND
COMMERCE 1847

üBrunei lost her sovereign status and came

under control British.
üBritain got the exclusive right to trade in
Brunei and allowed to interfere in Brunei’s
affair.
üBritain no longer feared other foreign
powers spreading their influence in Brunei.
üJames Brooke was appointed British Consul
General in Brunei and was given title ‘sir’.
üIt ended our independence.
HERE ARE THE QUESTIONS:
ii. WHY WAS JAMES BROOKE
APPOINTED AS THE GOVERNOR OF
SARAWAK?
iii. WHAT WERE THE TERMS OF THE
TREATY OF 31ST JULY 1842?
iv. LIST THREE METHODS WHICH JAMES
BROOKE USED TO SEIZE MORE THE
TERRITORIES?
v. WHY PG. MUDA HASHIM WAS
KILLED?
vi. WHAT WAS THE TERMS OF THE
TREATY OF 2ND AUG 1846?
vi. WHAT WAS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LABUAN?
vii. WHO AND WHEN DID TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP
AND COMMERCE SIGNED?
 THANKS FOR LISTENING OUR
PRESENTATION. HOPE YOU CAN
REMEMBER WHAT WERE WE
PRESENTED TO YOU. AND HOPE YOU
WILL ENJOYED OUR PRESENTATION.
DONE BY:
Ghah 271
Akeem 301
Muiz
Rabi