Population
• A population data set contains
all members of a specified group
• Collection of all items of interest
to our study
• A group of phenomena that
have something in common.
Normally refer to a group of
people such as ‘all registered
voters in Malaysia.’
• Measures found by using all the
data values in the population are
known as parameter.
Sample
• A sample data set contains a
part, or a subset, of a
population. The size of a sample
is always less than the size of
the population from which it is
taken.
• A smaller group of members of a
population is selected to
represent the population in
participating a study.
• Measures obtained by using the
data values from samples are
called statistics.
 Statistics
• It’s a measure of
characteristic saying
something about a fraction ( a
sample) of the population
under study.
• Estimate a certain population
parameter.
• Depends on sample and
hence, the value of statistic
can vary from sample to
sample.
• Has known number and a
variable which depends on
the portion of the population.
Parameters
• It is a measure of a
characteristics of an entire
population based on all the
elements within that
population.
• Fixed measure describing the
whole population.
• Unknown numerical value
• Difficult to obtain for example
average length of butterfly in
the world as it is impossible to
catch and measure all the
length of butterfly.
Examples of Parameters and Statistics
• A study on the average height of all male
students in IPGKPP – a parameter of
population.
• 100 male students as sample and determined
that mean height is 170 cm. (a statistic)
• Conclusion: the population mean height μ is
likely to be close to 170cm.
Different in symbols
 Probability Sampling
• Uses random sampling techniques to create
a sample.
• every member of a population has a known
and equal chance of being selected. For
example, if you had a population of 100
people, each person would have odds of 1
out of 100 of being chosen.
• Can be more expensive and time-consuming
than convenience or purposive sampling.
• Odds can be calculated. It means able to
generalize the results based on the data
collection method and extrapolate the results
to the entire population.
• Types of probability sampling:
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Systematic sampling
Non-probability Sampling
• Use non-random processes like researcher
judgment or convenience sampling.
• With non-probability sampling, those odds are
not equal. For example, a person might have a
better chance of being chosen if they live close
to the researcher
• More convenient and less costly
• The odds of any member being selected for a
sample cannot be calculated.
• Can be effective when trying to generate ideas
and getting feedback but cannot generalize the
results to an entire population with a high level
of confidence.
• Types of non-probability sampling
• Convenience sampling
• Purposive Sampling-Participants are
selected according to the needs of the study
and those who do not meet the profile are