Chapter 2

Computer Systems

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Introduction
 Computer System: is a combination of
computer hardware and computer
software where each subsystem has their
own unique task to perform to achieve
the goal of computer.
 Components of a Computer System
A. Computer Hardware
B. Computer Software

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2.1 Computer Hardware
 Computer hardware is the physical part
of the computer that you see, the parts
you can touch.
 In short , the tangible part of a computer.
 Basic units of Computer Hardware
◦ Input Devices
◦ Output Devices
◦ Central Processing Unit (CPU)
◦ Storage Devices
◦ MotherBoard
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Hardware
•System Unit
•Peripheral Devices

System Unit

Peripheral Devices

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You must Know this parts!

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Basic Architecture of Computer Hardware
CPU

CU ALU

OUTPUT
INPUT DEVICE
DEVICE

RAM

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Bus
 The communication b/n hardware is done
using the bus.( Arrows in the above fig).
 It serves as road between the hardware
parts.
 Three types of bus to communicate with
CPU.
◦ Data Bus: to exchange data back and forth
◦ Address Bus: to exchange location info
◦ Control Bus: to control the flow of data
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Buses: The CPU’s Data Highway
 Bus
– Electrical pathway used to move data between
components.
– Local bus: Connects the CPU with the memory.
– Expansion bus: Connects the CPU with peripheral
devices.

01100010
01001000
01110011
00100111

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2.1.1 Input devices
 Input devices are used to enter data into
computer.
◦ The data may be text, audio, video, Image..etc.
 There are different kinds of input devices,
but the most frequently used input
devices are keyboard and mouse.
 Others...Scanner, Microphone, Camera,
joy stick, touch screen.....etc.

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Keyboard
 It is a simple computer input device
comprising a set of alphabetic, numeric,
punctuation symbol, control, and function
keys mounted on a board or other flat
surface or control panel.
 When the user depresses a key or a
combination of keys, a coded signal is sent
to the computer.

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Keyboard…
 The keys on the keyboard are often
classified as follows:
◦ Alphanumeric keys - Letters and
numbers.
◦ Punctuation keys - comma, period,
semicolon, etc.
◦ Special keys- function keys, control
keys, arrow keys, caps lock, etc.

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Keyboard…

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 QWERTY Keyboard
 The QWERTY keyboard with enhanced
features is standard with most modern
personal computers.

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 Dvorak Keyboard
 Puts the most commonly used keys at “home keys”
 Reduces distance of finger stretches

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Specialty Keyboards
• Laptops Laptop

• PDAs
• Wireless
• Ergonomic

PDA
Ergonomic

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Mouse
 It is a device that controls the
movement of the cursor or pointer
on a display screen.
 Mouse can have as many as three buttons
whose function depends on what program is
running:
◦ Left-button: for left click. Example,
selecting text
◦ Right-button: for right click. Example, see
property of file
◦ Middle button: for scrolling purpose. This
button is sometimes missing.
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 Mouse…

 Mouse components  Mouse events/ mouse

◦ Left (primary ) & Right Operations
(secondary)
◦ Left click
◦ Right click
◦ Drag and Drop
◦ Single and Double
click

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 Types of Mouse
 Roller ball mouse
Standard
– Less expensive
– Harder to keep clean
Wireless
 Trackball
– Harder to control
– Stationary on desk Trackball
 Optical mouse Optical
– Needs no mouse pad
– Doesn’t need cleaning
– More expensive

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Other Input Devices
Handheld
• Scanners
– Text
– Images
Flatbed
• Digital cameras
– Images
– Video

Camera Camcorder

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Scanner
 Scanners will convert image on paper to a
digital data that can be manipulated by the
computer.
 Scanning the images with light and
breaking them into matrix of dots. Each
dot will have a digital code. The dots are
sometimes referred as pixels.

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Input Devices…
 Microphones could be used to enter
sound data.
 Camera could be used to capture image
and video data.

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2.1.2. Output Devices
 Output devices are used to get data
out of a computer so that it can be
examined, analyzed or distributed to
others.
 It converts information from machine-
understandable form to a human
understandable form.
 Outputs are of two types:
◦ Softcopy: displayed on monitor, projector
◦ Hardcopy: printed on paper
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Output Devices...
 The Visual Display Unit (VDU)
◦ or monitor or screen
 Printers
◦ dot matrix, daisy wheel, laser printers
 Plotters
 Voice (audio) response unit
◦ Speaker, headphone

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Monitors
 Monitor is the most frequent type of
output device.
 Image is displayed on monitors using
pattern of lighted dots.
 Each of these lighted dots is called pixel.
 There are three types of monitor:
◦ CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
◦ LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
◦ GPD (Gas Plasma display )
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  LCD Liquid Crystal Display
Monitor Types – More expensive
– Uses for less space
– More energy efficient
 CRT Cathode Ray Tube – Less viewable from an angle
– Less Expensive
– Use much more space GPD Gas Plasma Display
– Uses more energy – The most Expensive
– Better viewing angles – Uses neon gas

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Output devices…
Printers
 Printer is a device that enables us to
produce a hardcopy of data/information.
 Based on the way they print, printers are
divided into two:
◦ Impact printers
◦ Non-impact printer

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Printers…
Impact printers
 Impact printers transfer printable material onto paper
by striking paper, ribbon, and character together.
 Most of such printers take continuous form of paper.
 The most commonly used impact printers are dot-
matrix printers.

Non-Impact Printers
 They print without having a mechanism that strikes a
paper.
 They print by spraying ink or by using heat and
pressure to fuse colour powder onto paper.

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 Printers
Inkjet
 Impact printers
– Dot-matrix Dot-matrix
 Non-impact
printers
– Inkjet
Laser
– Laser
– Multifunction
 Specialty printers Multifunction
– Plotters
– Thermal printers Plotter

Thermal printer
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Non-impact Printers
 Ink Jet
– Less expensive device
– Full color printing
– Slower in pages per minute
(PPM)
– More expensive per page in
B&W
 Laser
– More expensive device
– Black and White (Color lasers are
very expensive)
– Faster in PPM
– Less expensive in B&W
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Output devices…
 Plotters
 Plotters are used to produce high-quality
drawings such as bar charts, maps,
architectural drawings, and three-
dimensional drawings.
◦ Can print on large size papers, which most
printers can’t handle.

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Outputting Sound

 Speakers and
Headphones

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Speaker
 Audio sound files input into multimedia
PC through a microphone. Then you can
here the output through speakers.

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2.1.3. Central Processing Unit
 CPU is responsible for interpreting and executing
most of the commands from the computer's
hardware and software.
 It is often called the "brain" of the computer.
 Controls all functions of the computer.
 Component of CPU
◦ Control unit: it is responsible to Move data and
instructions between main memory and registers.
◦ Arithmetic logic unit (ALU): it responsible to
performs computation and comparison operations.
◦ Set of registers: it is responsible to storage locations
that hold inputs and outputs for the ALU.

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CPU…
 Fig Shows Components of Central
Processing Unit

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2.1.4. Storage devices
 Store data and programs

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Primary storage devices
 Is directly accessible to the CPU
 To store data that is likely to be in active
use.

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 RAM
 Random access memory
 Volatile: When you turn off your computer, the
data is erased
 Several kinds of RAM exist
 Each type of RAM has a different design
– Some types work at much faster speeds
– Some transfer data more quickly

 Stores instructions and data

 Temporary (volatile) storage
 Operates in nanoseconds
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 ROM
 Read only memory (ROM)
 Stores data and programs that are permanently
required by the computer.
 Non-volatile.
 Read only-contents cannot be changed.

 The technological advancement in ROM design has

resulted in three other types of ROM:
◦ PROM (Programmable ROM)
◦ EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM)
◦ EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM)
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Secondary storage devices
 Not directly accessible by the CPU
 To store data that is not in active use
 Slower than primary storage devices
 Higher storage capacity
 Non-volatile

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Hard Disk Drive
• Stores data and program
instructions
• Permanent (nonvolatile)
storage
• Storage capacities up to 250
GB and higher
• Transfers data in
milliseconds

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Flash Disks

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Floppy disk
 Floppy disk(diskette):
 Magnetic storage medium used with
computers.
 Floppy disks are made of flexible plastic
coated with a magnetic material, and are
enclosed in a hard plastic case.

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Floppy disk…
 31/2 inch: -can store 1.44MB of data
 51/4 inch: -can store 1.2MB of data

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Optical Disks
 Use laser light to read or write data
 DVD, CD
 CD (compact disc)
◦ Can store up to 700 MB
◦ Three types
 CD-ROM( compact disk read only memory)
 You can’t write to or erase
 CD-R (compact disk recordable)
 Can be written on once but can’t be erased-
WORM (write once read many)

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Optical Disks…
 CD-RW –(compact disk rewritable)
 Can write several times
 Can be erased
 DVD- Digital Versatile Disc
 Can store 4GB, 8GB,17GB,…

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 2.1.5. Overview of motherboard
 The motherboard is the main circuit board inside your PC.
Every component at some point communicates through the
motherboard, either by directly plugging into it or by
communicating through one of the motherboards ports.

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 Ports and Connectors
• A port is a socket used to connect the peripheral
devices to system unit.
Serial ports:
 Transmits or receives data one
bit at a time.
 They are very good to send
information over long distance.
 Devices like
◦ keyboard, mouse, modem,
and etc. use serial ports to
connect to system unit of
computer.
Parallel ports:
 Transfer and receive multiple bits
of information at a time.
 They are used for short distance
communication.
 Devices such as
◦ printers, disk drives, tape
drives, and etc. used parallel
ports.
Parallel port (Printer port)
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Power Supply Unit (PSU)

• Supplies DC power to the other components in a

computer.
• It converts general-purpose alternating current (AC)
electric power from the mains to low-voltage direct
current (DC) power for the internal components of the
computer.

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Expansion Cards
• Adds functions
• Provides new connections for peripheral
devices
• Common types:
– Sound
– Modem
– Video (VGA)
– Network (NIC)

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Any Question?