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R Parallel Processing -- more than one CPU (each with its
own memory); able to carry out more than one
instruction at a time
R Multitasking -- one processor, moves back and forth
between programs
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   ë 

R hould be under user·s control

user should be able to customize
R Form should follow function
R Use concepts and metaphors familiar to user; parallel
real-world experience
R Visually and functionally consistent
R Immediate feedback
R Attempt to prevent user mistakes
2
 
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a
 -- organized plan that breaks process into
steps
R Analyze the problem
R Design the problem
R Code the program
R Test and debug program
R Formalize solution
R Maintain the program
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R A.k.a. 


or
 


R -epresents subdivision of activities visually
R Lowest level instruction --  

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R Process ymbol
R Input/Output (I/O)
R Flowline
R Annotation
R Decision
R Terminal
R Connector
R Predefined Process
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R Control tructures
R equence
R election
R Case
R -epetition
R Do«While
R Do«Until
 

  

R    


 -- used to show a single

action or one action followed in order (sequentially by
another)
R   



 -- used to tell the program
which action to take based on a certain condition
R 
 


 -- form of selection that allows
for more than two alternatives


  


R -




 -- a.k.a.   or




; used when a set of actions is performed
repeatedly
R   repeats as long as condition is true (may
never execute)
R 
 evaluates condition at end of the loop (will
always execute at least once)
R å 



 -- contained within other
control structures
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R ÿ

-- anything real or abstract, about which you
store both data and operations that manipulate the data
R 
 -- an implementation that can be used to create
multiple objects with the same attributes and behavior
R Object is and ÷

 of a Class
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R Object-oriented design tool used to show the
relationships among classes of objects
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R Œ

 
-- identifying characteristics of individual

objects, such as name or color
R ÿ

 -- an activity that reads or manipulates the
data of an object; called   in OOD, in OOP called
a 

R a 
 -- has two parts: name of object to which
message is sent, name of operation that will be
performed. In OOP called  

    

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R Used to represent relationships among events and

operations
R Operations shown in rounded rectangles
R Events shown on lines with arrows
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R Encapsulation
R Inheritance
R Polymorphism
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R Capability of an object to have data (properties) and
functionality (methods) available to the user without the
user having to understand the implementation within the
object
R Also called  


R Process of hiding the implementation details of an object
from its user

 
R A descendent class (subclass) that differs from its
superclass in only one way contains just the code or data
necessary to explain the difference
R Also known as  

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R Allows an instruction to be given to an object in a
generalized rather than specific detailed command
R ame command will get different but predictable results
depending on object receiving command
R pecific actions, internal to object differ, results are the
same
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R Use of prebuilt objects to make program development
much faster
R horter development life cycles
R Easier maintenance
R Capability to reuse components
›
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R -eusability -- classes designed to be reused in many

systems or create modified classes using inheritance
R tability -- classes designed for repeated reuse, become
stable over time
R Easier Design -- object is a black box
R Faster Design -- can be created from existing components
2

 
R Process where developers iterate between refining the
specifications and building working models of the system
|›
R Properties -- attributes of objects
R Controls -- check boxes, list boxes, etc.
R Forms -- windows that contain application·s controls
R Events -- messages or requests for service
R Procedures -- operations or services
R include methods, functions, subroutines
 |›$ 

R Create the interface
R et the properties
R Write the code