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Definition
Kinematics is that branch of dynamics which describes the
motion of bodies without reference to the forces which either
causes the motion or are generated as a result of the motion.
Particle
A particles is a body whose physical dimensions are so small
compared with the radius of curvature of its path that we can
treat the motion of the particle as that of a point.
Example
The wing span of a jet transport flying between Los Angles
and London is of no consequence compared with the radius of
curvature of its flight path, and the treatment of the airplane as
a particle or point should raise no question.
MOTION OF A PARTICLE
Plane motion
In this case all movements occurs in or can be represented as
occurring in a single plane.
O P P’
-s +s
s ∆s
ds
v s
dt
t
t1 t t2
RECTILINEAR MOTION
Thus the velocity may be determined at all points on the curve and
plotted against the corresponding time as shown in the figure below.
dv
a v
dt
t
t1 dt t2
RECTILINEAR MOTION
t
t1 dt t2
RECTILINEAR MOTION
ds vdt
s1 t1
or s2 s1 area under the v t curve
RECTILINEAR MOTION
v2 t2
ds adt
v1 t1
or v2 v1 area under the a t curve
RECTILINEAR MOTION
When the acceleration a is plotted as a function of
the position coordinate s, the area under the curve
during a displacement ds is ads which from eq 2/3 is
a
v dv d (v 2) 2
s
s1 ds s2
RECTILINEAR MOTION
v1 s1
2
RECTILINEAR MOTION
dv
A ds
v
B C s
s1 a s2
RECTILINEAR MOTION
dv a dt
v0 0
or v v0 at
v s
v0 2a( s s0 )
2 2
vdv a ds or v
v0 s0
CONSTANT ACCELERATION
a=f(t)
Substitution of the function into the Eq 2/2 gives
f (t ) dv / dt
Multiplying by dt separates the variables and permits integration. Thus
v t t
dv f (t )dt
v0 0
or v v0 f (t )dt
0
ACCELERATION AS A FUCTION OF TIME
ds vdt
s0 0
or s s0 vdt
0
a = f(v)
Substitution of the function into the Eq 2/2 gives,
f (v) dv
dt
t v
dv
t dt
0 v0
f (v )
ACCELERATION AS A FUCTION OF VELOCITY
v s v
vdv vdv
v0
ds or
f (v ) s0
s s0
v0
f (v )
Note that the equation gives s in terms of v without explicit reference to
t.
ACCELERATION AS A FUCTION OF DISPLACEMENT
a=f(s)
Substitution of the function into Eq 2/3 and
integrating give the form
v s s
v0 2 f ( s)ds
2 2
vdv f ( s ) ds or v
v0 s0 s0
ACCELERATION AS A FUCTION OF DISPLACEMENT
s t s
ds ds
s g (s) 0 dt or t s g (s)
0 0