Lecture 1

composition and properties of matter

changes that matter undergoes

energy which accompany these changes

laws and principles which govern these changes
Importance of Chemistry

It touches all human interest.

It serves as an illustration of
what science is.

It develops the scientific mind.

Divisions of
Chemistry

General Chemistry - general survey

of the entire field of chemistry with
particular emphasis placed on the
fundamental concepts and
elementary laws.
Inorganic Chemistry – concerned with the
preparation and properties of the elements
and their compounds. C – compounds are
not included.

Organic Chemistry - study of C and its

compounds
Analytical Chemistry – concerned with the detection and
determination of substances and their constituents.
a) Qualitative Chemistry – deals with the analysis of
the component parts. ( What is/are present?)
b) Quantitative Chemistry – deals with the
determination of the amount of component parts.
( How much of it is /are present?)
Physical or Theoretical Chemistry – concerned with
the laws and generalizations underlying chemical
changes wherever these laws are expressed
mathematically

Biochemistry – study of compounds and

chemical changes that are brought about by
living processes
Radiochemistry or Nuclear Chemistry – study of
the changes that take place in atomic nuclei
when bombarded with suitable projectile.

Industrial Chemistry- deals with the

transformation of raw materials of nature
into finished products
SCIENTIFIC
METHOD
- rational explanation of facts and laws designed to suggest
why or how something happen as it does
- logical approach to the solution of any problem which lends
itself to investigation
Steps:
1. Recognizing a phenomenon and stating it as a
problem
2. Gathering of data
3. Form a hypothesis
4. Theory
5. Stating a law or generalization
MATTER AND
ENERGY
MATTER
- is anything that occupies space and has mass
I. PROPERTIES OF MATTER:

A. EXTRINSIC or EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES

- qualities that are not characteristic of
the substance itself
- those that depend on the amount or
quantity of materials present
MATTER AND
ENERGY
B. INTRINSIC or INTENSIVE PROPERTIES
- qualities that are characteristic of any sample of a
substance regardless of the size, shape and
condition
- those that depend on the quality or kind of materials
present
(a) those that cannot be measured

(b) those that are measurable

MATTER AND
ENERGY
B.1 Physical Properties
- characteristic which describe physical appearance
- could be perceived by our senses
- they can be observed without causing any change in
chemical composition
B.2 Chemical Properties
- characteristics which describe chemical behavior
- describe the tendency of a substance to undergo
chemical change , alone or by interaction with other
substance and in so doing to form different materials
CLASSIFICATION
OF MATTER

A. ELEMENTS
1.simplest form of matter
2.made up of only one type of atom
3.cannot be broken down into simpler
forms by ordinary chemical and physical
means or change
CLASSIFICATION
OF MATTER

Types:
a. metals - conductors of electricity
- they have luster
- malleable
- ductile
- in forming compounds, they tend to
donate electrons
- crystalline form
CLASSIFICATION
OF MATTER

b. non-metals - non-conductors of electricity

- not shiny
- in forming compounds, they tend to accept
electrons
c. metalloids or amphoteric elements
- exhibit properties that are intermediate between
metals and non-metals
d. inert or noble or rare gases
- most chemically inactive/unreactive/stable elements
- neither donate nor lose electrons
CLASSIFICATION
OF MATTER

B. COMPOUNDS
1.made up of 2 or more elements that are chemically
combined
2.could be decomposed by simple chemical means
into 2 or more different substances
3.abide the Law of Definite Proportion
4.do not retain their properties
CLASSIFICATION
OF MATTER

Types:
a. acids -sour in taste
- yield hydrogen ion (H+) in water solution
- turn blue litmus paper to red
b. bases - bitter taste
- yield hydroxide (OH-) in water solution
- turns red litmus paper to blue
- slippery to touch
c. salts - made up of a positive ion other than H+
and negative ion other than OH-
CLASSIFICATION
OF MATTER

C. MIXTURES
1.made up of 2 or more elements or compounds not
chemically combined (physically combined)
2.could be decomposed or broken down or separated
by physical or mechanical processes such as:
evaporation, decantation, distillation, magnet
3.do not abide the Law of definite Proportion
4.each component retain its own characteristics or
properties
CLASSIFICATION
OF MATTER

Types:
a. Homogeneous Mixture
- also called a “SOLUTION”
- uniform in appearance (composition is
the same throughout a given sample)
- single/ one phase
- particle size: < 10-7 cm
CLASSIFICATION
OF MATTER

b. Heterogeneous Mixture
- also called “SUSPENSIONS”
- not uniform in appearance
- distinct phases ( 2 or more
layers are present)
- compositions and physical
properties vary from one part of a
mixture to another
- particle size: . 10-5 cm
CLASSIFICATION
OF MATTER

Elements and Compounds – are pure

substances
Pure Substances - form of matter that
always has a definite and
constant composition
- they never vary, always being the
same under a given set of
conditions
Mixtures are solutions.
CHANGES IN
MATTER

A.PHYSICAL CHANGE
1. only the physical condition or property
is altered
-all changes in state
2. chemical composition is not altered
3. no formation of a new substance
CHANGES IN
MATTER

B. CHEMICAL CHANGE
1.chemical composition is altered
2.involves disappearance of the original substance and the
formation of a new one
- represented by means of a chemical equation
REACTANT/S → PRODUCTS
(original substance) (new one)
 evidences: a. formation of bubbles- gas is evolved
b. formation of an insoluble solid or precipitate
c. formation of moisture or water droplets
CHANGES IN
MATTER

C. NUCLEAR CHANGE
- results in a change
of identity of the
atom itself and
production of great
amount of energy
STATES/PHASES
OF MATTER
INTERCONVERSION OF
THE DIFFERENT
STATES OF MATTER

evaporation - change from liquid to gaseous phase even though

no heat is applied (it can take place at any temperature)
Vaporization – is the change of a liquid to the gaseous state at
the boiling temperature of the liquid
condensation – a change from gaseous state back to the
liquid state (heat is evolved in the process of
condensation)
Boiling point - temperature at which the vapor pressure
equals the external atmospheric pressure
INTERCONVERSION OF
THE DIFFERENT
STATES OF MATTER

fusion / melting - is the change of a solid to the liquid

state
freezing - is the change of a liquid to solid
Melting point - temperature at which the solid
and liquid phases of a substance exist together in
equilibrium under a pressure of 1 atmosphere
Sublimation - is the change of a solid into its vapors
and cooling the vapors back into the solid without
passing the liquid state
ENERGY

ENERGY
- the ability or capacity to do work
TYPES OF ENERGY:
1.Potential Energy
- energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position, or its
existence in a state other than its normal state of lowest
energy
2. Kinetic Energy
- energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion,energy in
motion
ENERGY

FORMS OF ENERGY:
1. Radiant Energy
- It is the energy associated with light, x-rays,
radiowaves,infra red rays or electromagnetic
radiations
2. Chemical Energy
- It is the energy possessed by substance that
allows it to be changed into a new substance
ENERGY

3. Electrical Energy
- it is the energy associated with the passage of electrons
- eg. flow of electric current
4. Mechanical Energy
- an energy associated with machines, pumps
5. Heat Energy
- energy released whenever fuels are burned
6. Nuclear Energy/ Atomic Energy
- energy associated with the manner in which atoms are constructed
7. Sound Energy
-energy associated with sound waves
ENERGY

TYPES OF ENERGY CHANGES:

1. Exothermic Change
- when energy is given off by a body to its
surroundings

2. Endothermic Change
- When energy is absorbed by a body from its
surroundings
LAWS GOVERNING
MATTER AND ENERGY

1. Law of Conservation of Mass

- mass can neither be created nor destroyed in any transformation of
matter
2. Law of Conservation of Energy
- energy can neither be created nor destroyed in any transformation of
matter
3. Law of Definite Composition
- A pure compound is composed of the same elements combined in a
definite proportion by weight
4. Law of Multiple Proportion
- When 2 elements combine to form more than one compound, the
different weights of one that combine with a fixed weight of the other
are in the ratio of small wholw numbers
Measurements and Units
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