REFERENCE

BY GROUP 5:
1. PITRI KARISMANDA

2. RANI DADE AUGUSTIN

3. RIKA PERMATA YULSARDI
REFERENCES
• DEFINITION OF REFERENCES

References are words which subtitute for other

words or phrases. They usually refer back to the ideas
that have already been expressed, they sometimes refer
forward to the ideas yet to be stated. The term
inference is traditionally used in semantics for the
relationship which holds between a word and what it
points to the real word.
 KINDS OF REFERENCE
Instead of denoting a direct relationship
between word and extra linguistic objects, reference is
limited here to the relationship of identify which holds
between two linguistic expression.

REPETITION OF A KEY TERM OR PHRASE

Example : ‘You can fool some of the people all of the

time, and all of the people some of the time, but you
cannot fool all of the people all of the time.’

This sentence is a classic example of the repetition.

SYNONYMS

Synonyms are words that have essentially

the same meaning, and they provide some variety
in your choices, helping the reader to stay focused
on the idea being dicussed.

Example : Myths narrate sacred histories and explain

sacred origins. These traditional narratives are, in
short, a set of beliefs that are a very real force in the
lives of the people who tell them.
PRONOUNS

This, that, these, those, he, she, it, they, and we are
useful pronouns for referring back to something previously
mentioned. Be sure, however, that what you are referring to
is clear.

Example : When scientific experiments do not work

out as expected, they are often considered failures until
some other scientist tries them again. Those that work
out better the second time around are the ones that
promise the most rewards.
COHERENCE – TRANSITION

In a paragraph with coherence all of the sentences

hold or stick together. Like links in a chain, they will flow
from one to the next. Transitions are words or phrases that
connect sentences and guide the reader through many
changes indirection.
• EXAMPLE OF REFERENCE

 Example : Mrs. Thatcher has resigned. She

announced her decision this morning

 The pronoun she points to Mrs. Thatcher within

the textual world itself. Reference, in the textual
rather than semantic sense, occurs when the
reader has to retrieve the identity of what is
being talked about by referring to another
expression in the immediate context.