Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics can be defined as the science of

energy.

Thermodynamics = Thermo + Dynamis

(thermal energy) (motion)
It is the branch of science, which deals with the
energy interaction of the system with respect to
surrounding and its net effect on the properties of
the system.
Conservation of energy principle
 Application of thermodynamics

Human Body
Refrigeration and Air conditioners
IC Engines
Gas Turbines
Water Heater
Solar Collectors
Pressure cooker ….
 System, Surroundings & Boundary

 System

 A system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.

 Surroundings

 The mass or region outside the system is called the surroundings.

 Boundary

 The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings is
called the boundary.
System, Surroundings & Boundary
 Closed System/Control Mass

 A closed system consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no

mass can cross its boundary. No mass can enter or leave a
closed system. But energy, in the form of heat or work, can
cross the boundary and the volume of a closed system does
not have to be fixed.

 In some special case, even energy is not allowed to cross

the boundary, that system is called an isolated system.
Close system with fixed and moving boundary
 Isolated System

m = const. Mass NO
E = const.
Energy NO

ISOLATED
System
 Open System/Control Volume

 An open system, or a control volume is a properly selected region in space. It

usually encloses a device that involves mass flow such as a compressor, turbine, or
nozzle.

 Any arbitrary region in space can be selected as a control volume.

 The boundaries of a control volume are called a control surface, and they can be
real or imaginary.

 A control volume can be fixed in size and shape, or it may involve a moving
boundary, most control volumes, however, have fixed boundaries and thus do not
involve any moving boundaries.

 e.g. Water Heater, Car Radiator, Turbine, Compressor

A control volume can involve fixed, moving, real, and imaginary boundaries.
An open system (a control volume) with one inlet and one exit.
 Properties of a system
 Intensive Properties
• Intensive properties are those that are independent of the mass of a system, such
as temperature, pressure, and density.

 Extensive Properties
• Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the size or extent of the
system. Total mass, total volume, and total momentum are some examples of
extensive properties

 Specific Properties
• Extensive properties per unit mass are called specific properties. Some examples of
specific properties are specific volume (v =V/m) and specific total energy (e =E/m).
Criterion to differentiate intensive and
extensive properties.
 Density & Specific Gravity

 Density is defined as mass per unit volume.

 The reciprocal of density is the specific volume v, which is

defined as volume per unit mass.

 The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of

some standard substance at a specified temperature .
 State & Equilibrium

 Set of properties to completely describe the condition of the system

is known as its STATE

m = 2 kg
m = 2 kg
T1 = 25 ºC
T1 = 25 ºC
V1 = 1 m3
V1 = 3 m3

STATE 1 STATE 2
 State & Equilibrium
EQUILIBRIUM : State of Balance

Thermal Equilibrium :
- NO Temperature Gradient throughout the system.

Mechanical Equilibrium :
- NO Pressure Gradient throughout the system.

Chemical Equilibrium :
- Chemical composition is constant
- NO reaction occurs.

Phase Equilibrium :
- System having more than 1 phase.
- Mass of each phase is in equilibrium.
 Path & Process

Process proceeds in such a manner that

system remains close to equilibrium

t=t1 t=0
conditions at all times. It is known as Quasi-Static

QUASI-STATIC or QUASI-EQUILIBRIUM

Process.

t=t2t t=0
t2 < t1
Non-Quasi-Static
 Path & Process
NOTE : Process Path is a
CONTINUOUS line only if it is
Quasi-Static
having Quasi-Static Process.
Process Path
Pressure

Non-Quasi-Static Process is
denoted by a DASHED line.

State 1 State 2
Non-Quasi-Static
Volume Process Path

Pressure
State 1 State 2

Volume
 Path & Process

h=Const s=Const
Isenthalpic Isentropic
V=Const
Isochoric

Temperature (T)
Pressure (P)

T=Const
P=Const Isothermal
Isobaric

Volume (V) Enthalpy (h)/ Entropy (s)

 Cycle
State 2 CYCLE :
A system is said to have undergone a
cycle if it returns to its ORIGINAL
state at the end of the process.
Property B

Hence, for a CYCLE, the INITIAL and

the FINAL states are identical.

State 1

Property A
The End