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Main Ideas
• Arabia is mostly a desert land.
• Two ways of life—nomadic and sedentary—developed in
the desert.
Main Idea 1:
Arabia is mostly a desert land.
Main Ideas
• Muhammad became a prophet and introduced a religion
called Islam in Arabia.
• Muhammad’s teachings had similarities to Judaism and
Christianity, but they also presented new ideas.
• Islam spread in Arabia after being rejected at first.
Main Idea 1:
Muhammad became a prophet and
introduced a religion called Islam in Arabia.
Main Ideas
• The Qur’an guides Muslims’ lives.
• The Sunnah tells Muslims of important duties expected of
them.
• Islamic law is based on the Qur’an and the Sunnah.
Main Idea 1:
The Qur’an guides Muslims’ lives.
• The world has a definite end, and on that final day, God will
judge all people.
• The Qur’an sets out guidelines for moral behavior, acts of
worship, and rules for social life
– Muslims were encouraged to free slaves.
– Women could own property, earn money, and receive an
education.
• The Qur’an discusses Jihad, which means to make an effort, or
to struggle. Jihad refers to the inner struggle people go through
in their effort to obey God and behave according to Islamic
ways.
– Jihad can also mean the struggle to defend the Muslim
community, or historically, to convert people to Islam. The
word has also been translated as “holy war.”
Main Idea 2:
The Sunnah tells Muslims of important duties
expected of them.
Images
The City of Córdoba
Islamic Achievements
Islamic Achievements
(continued)
Early Expansion 7.2.4
7.2.5
Main Ideas
• Muslim armies conquered many lands into which Islam
slowly spread.
• Trade helped Islam spread into new areas.
• A mix of cultures was one result of Islam’s spread.
• Islamic influence encouraged the growth of cities.
Main Idea 1:
Muslim armies conquered many lands into
which Islam slowly spread.
• Baghdad • Cordoba
• Capital of Islamic Empire • Capital of what is now
• Located near land and Spain
water trade routes • Strong economy based on
• Walled city agriculture and trade
Main Ideas
• Muslim scholars made advances in various fields of science
and philosophy.
• Islam influenced styles of literature and the arts.
Main Idea 1:
Muslim scholars made advances in various
fields of science and philosophy.
• Geography
– Geographers made more accurate maps than before,
mostly due to the contributions of al-Idrisi.
• Math
– The Muslim mathematician al-Khwarizmi laid the
foundations for modern algebra.
• Astronomy
– They made improvements to the astrolabe, which the
Greeks had invented to chart the positions of the stars.
More Scholarly Advances
• Medicine
– The Muslims’ greatest scientific achievements may have
come in medicine.
– A doctor named Ar-Razi discovered how to diagnose
and treat the deadly disease smallpox.
• Philosophy
– The Muslim philosophy focused on spiritual issues,
which led to a movement called Sufism.
– Sufism teaches that people can find God’s love by
having a personal relationship with God.
Main Idea 2:
Islam influenced styles of literature
and the arts.
• Literature
– Two forms of literature were popular in the Muslim
world—poetry and short stories.
• Architecture
– The greatest architectural achievements were mosques.
They often had a dome and minarets—narrow towers
from which Muslims are called to prayer.
– Patrons, or sponsors, used their wealth to pay for
elaborately decorated mosques.
More Islamic Influences
• Art
– Because they could not represent people or animals in
paintings due to their religion, Muslim artists turned
calligraphy, or decorative writing, into an art form.
– They used this technique to decorate buildings and
mosques.
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