CHAPTER 3: ATOMS,

MOLECULES, AND IONS

PREPARED BY: MARLYN D. NAVARRO, LPT
DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN
ATOMIC THEORY
EMPEDOCLESS (490-435 B.C.) – proposed the concept of fire, air,
water, and earth to explain the composition of matter.
ARISTOTLE (384-323 B.C.) – proposed the existence of a fifth element
which he called quintessence.
DEMOCRITUS (460-370 B.C.) – come up with a theory stating that
everything is composed of small indivisible particles which he called
atoms. Atom is simply a round sphere with no protons, electrons or
neutrons.
 Dalton’s Model –
“The Billiard Ball Model”

• In 1807 John Dalton presented evidence that matter was

discrete and must exist as particles.
• Dalton’s major hypothesis stated that:
• Each chemical element is composed of small indivisible
particles called atoms,
• identical for each element but different from atoms of other
elements
• Essentially these particles are featureless spheres of
uniform density.

Section 9.1
 Dalton’s Model

• Dalton’s 1807 “billiard ball

model”
pictured the atom as a tiny
indivisible, uniformly
dense, solid sphere.

Section 9.1
Thomson – “Plum Pudding Model”
• In 1903 J.J. Thomson discovered the electron.
• Further experiments by Thomson and others showed that
an electron has a mass of 9.11 x 10-31 kg and a charge of
–1.60 x 10-19 C.

Section 9.1
 Thompson’s Model

• Thomson’s 1903 “plum

pudding model” conceived the
atom as a sphere of positive
charge in which negatively
charged electrons were
embedded.

Section 9.1
 Ernest Rutherford’s Model

• In 1911 Rutherford discovered that 99.97% of the mass of

an atom was concentrated in a tiny core, or nucleus.
• Rutherford’s model envisioned the electrons as circulating
in some way around a positively charged core.

Section 9.1
 Rutherford’s Model

• Rutherford’s 1911
“nuclear model”
envisioned the atom as
having a dense center
of positive charge (the
nucleus) around which
the electrons orbited.

Section 9.1
 BASIC LAWS OF MATTER
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS – proposed by ANTOINE LAURENT
LAVOISIER (1743-1794) states that the mass of the products in a
chemical reaction will always be equal to the mass of the reactants.
LAW OF CONSTANT COMPOSITION- discovered by the French
chemist, JOSEPH PROUST (1754-1826) states that all the samples of a
chemical compound contain all the elements in the same proportion.
LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS- formulated by JOHN DALTON
(1766-1844) states that the elements in a compound have a
proportion of those chemical compounds that can be expressed in a
small, whole-number ratio.
 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ATOM- is a small, invisible particle considered to be
the basic unit of matter. An atom consists of three
main subatomic particles, namely, protons, neutrons,
and electrons.
 SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
ELECTRONS
are small, negatively charged particles that spin around the
nucleus, staying in their orbits.
Discovered by Joseph John Thomson
Mass; 0.00054859 amu
Symbol: e
Charge: -1
PROTONS
discovered by EUGENE GOLDSTEIN.
Positively charged particles of the atom.
Mass;1.0073 amu
Symbol: p+
Charge: +1
NEUTRON
Uncharged particle of the atom
Discovered by JAMES CHADWICK
Mass; 1.0087 amu
Symbol: n
Charge: 0
ATOMIC NUMBER (Z)- is equal to the number of
protons inside the nucleus. It was determined by
Henry Moseley.
MASS NUMBER (A)- is the sum of the number of
protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus.
ISOTOPES- are atoms of an element have the same
atomic number but different mass number.
MOLECULES
Are made up of atoms that are chemically bonded together.
Can be DIATOMIC or POLYATOMIC MOLECULES.
IONS
Are atoms or molecules that have a charge, meaning the number of
protons is not equal to the number of electrons, giving the atom
either a positive or negative net charge.
CHEMICAL FORMULAS- used to represent
the bonding of atoms to form a compound.
TYPES OF CHEMICAL FORMULAS
1. STRUCTURAL FORMULA
Indicates how the atoms are arranged and bonded
chemically.
They are arranged in graphical representations of
compounds showing the elements connected to each other
in symbols and how they are arranged in the molecule of
the compound.
2. MOLECULAR FORMULA
Shows the number of atoms per element
present in a compound.
EMPIRICAL FORMULA
Shows the simplest form of the atomic ratio in a
chemical compound.
MODEL- is a representation of a compound’s
molecular, and structural composition.
1. BALL AND STICK MODEL- depicts a 3-dimensional
representation of the atoms of a compound and the
bonds between them.
2. SPACE-FILLING MODEL- depicts the 3 atoms of a
compound using spheres that are joined together,
approximating the proportionate sizes of the atoms.
 NAMING OF COMPOUNDS
IONIC COMPOUND- is a neutrally-charged
compound that contains a cation and anion.
MONOATOMIC ION- is made up of only one
atom.
POLYATOMIC ION- is made up of more than one
atom of different elements.
RULES FOR NAMING OF COMPOUNDS