Philosophy is an act of wondering

 at the achievement of nature

 at the nature of soul

 the way social & political

institutions arrange themselves
Common Meanings
 Ideas, principles, views,
perspectives, or beliefs
 Activity of reasoning
(Pilosopo)
 An academic course or
degree
Philosopher
 Lover of wisdom = Wise person ?
 Philosopher vs sophist
Sophist
 Truth is relative
 Man is the measure of ALL things
(Protagoras)
Wise Person
 Traits ?
 Aware of his knowledge & ignorance
 Holds true and justifiable beliefs
 Knows things that are valuable in life
 Has ability to apply knowledge into
practice
Framing Questions
 Refer to the riddle of three wise men
 Philosophy A.K.A.
 Umbrella discipline
 Queen of the Sciences???
Framing Questions
 Framework /Foundation questions

- Directed at the theory or set of beliefs

that serves as framework or foundation
of our interpretations of the things
Framing Questions
 Internal vs External questions (Rodolf
Carnap, 1992)

- Qualifies and clarifies the quality of

PHILOSOPHICAL questions
Framing Questions
 Thomas Nagel
Nonphilospher Philosopher
Historian inquiring what happened at some time in What is time?
the past
Mathematician investigating the relations among What is number?
numbers
Physicist ask what atom is made up? How can we know that there is something outside our
own?
Psychologist investigate how children learn language What make a word mean anything?
Ludwig Wittgenstien
 Philosophy is not just a body of
doctrine but an activity
 Know theories vs engage in the very
activity act of doing philosophy
 End product vs process of philosophy
Ludwig Wittgenstien
 Activity of Philosophy consist in
clarifying our thoughts & propositions
 Memorization of data vs the process
of knowing how they are gathered/
established
e.g. Children asking questions why & how
 Enables one to evaluate
theories as applicable or
not, be replaced or not
 Has dynamic, critical and
creative features
 Continuous process of
search for truth
Is Philo a futile activity?
 Philosophy does not offer
definite answer
 Philosophy is just a waste
of time
 Impractical, no practical
benefit derived
Lets clarify if Philo is a futile activity?
 Philosophy provides
indefinite answer bcoz of
philosophical /unscientific
questions it deals with
 Philosophy explores the
preliminary work for science
in finding definite answer
 Eg. Concept of Artificial
Intelligence
Is Philo a futile activity?

 Value in life is NOT limited

to satisfaction of material
or practical concerns
 Satisfying material needs
DO requires mental needs
Some major achievement
s of Philosophy
 Provides a holistic view of
life
 Contributes to the
development of some
disciplines or areas of
knowledge
Some major achievement of
Philosophy
 Provides ethical guidelines
for the use of modern
technology, bioethics,
environmental ethics
 Contributed to promotion of
Social Transformation
 METAPHYSI
CS

EPISTEMOL
ETHICS
OGY

PHILOSOPH
Y

COSMOLOG
THEODICY
Y

LOGIC

COMPONENTS OF PHILOSOPHY
•

• METAPHYSICS
is the study of reality i.e. beings and Being
• EPISTEMOLOGY METAPHYSI
CS

is the study validity of human knowledge

EPISTEMOL
OGY
ETHICS

• ETHICS PHILOSOPH
Y

is the study of the morality of human act

COSMOLOG
THEODICY
Y

• COSMOLOGY LOGIC

is the science of the universe i.e. the space

and time
• THEODICY
is a philosophical study of God
• LOGIC ?
LOGIC
Define as the science and
an art of correct thinking
Used in acquisition &
interpretation of
Knowledge

- expansion &
application of K

Preparatory to ALL
sciences
Transcendental Logic
Inquiry into human knowledge for the
purpose of determining what elements
or factors in human thought are a priori

Symbolic Logic
An application of mathematical methods
to the processes of thought; uses
conventional symbols to represent
terms, propositions & relations among
them
Applied Logic
Logic applied to the study of the natural
sciences

Natural Logic
The native power of the mind by which
most persons are competent to judge
correctly & reason validly about the
affairs & interest of everyday life
Aristotle the founder
of logic
Compiles his logical
works -TREATISES-
ORGANON (Instrument)
Treatise includes
 Categories
 On Interpretation
 Prior Analytics
 Posterior Analytics
 Topics
 On Sophistical Refutation /Sophism
Pierre de la Ramee (1515 –
1572)
criticized the nature of Aristotelian
logic & introduced the three fold
activities of the mind

such activities later known as

mental operations or acts of the
mind
Refers to the operations of
the mind by which we grasp
the meaning of the term,
deny or affirm it and reason
out for our action
 3 Operations or
activities of HM;
 Simple Apprehension
 Judgment
 Reasoning
Mental Mental External Sign
Operations Product
Simple Concept Term
Apprehension
Judgment Mental Proposition
Enunciation
Reasoning Argument Syllogism
 Refers to the
process of Formation
of ideas
 also known as
IDEOGENESIS
 SENSIBLE ORDER

External imagination
senses cognitive sense
Common
sense memory
sense

Proper
Common
Thing Sensibles PHANTASM

 expressed
PERCEPT specie in S.O
 impressed specie  contain
in S.O individuating,
concrete qualities
 contain individuating,
concrete qualities  individualized
form in S.O
 INTELLECTUAL ORDER

AGENT POSSIBLE
intellect intellect
Power to abstract Power to understand
 discards
individuating  both receptive
characteristics & reactive

 abstracted nature
taken in by possible
intellect
Quantity or Extension of the
Proposition
The quantity of the proposition can be
determined by checking the quantifiers
used in each proposition

Universal
 if it implies each & every member of
the class or if it signifies general
expression & ideas

 common quantifiers are “all, every, no, no

one, nobody, nothing, none, whoever, whenever,
whichever, whomever, whatever, whenever”
Singular
 if it refers to something definite or
refers to only one.
 Nouns, personal pronouns, collective
nouns are example of singular quantifier

Particular
 if it pertains to a part of a whole or
less than the whole, or something
definite
 indefinite pronouns are most commonly used
particular quantifiers like “many, several. Most,
few, almost all, not all, some, part, etc.
The capacity to become open
minded to the different perspectives
of other persons