mThe smallest entity of textile

mStaple fibre and filament fibre

mGrouped together to make yarns

mNatural fibre and man made fibre

 Natural fibre ² cotton, wool, silk, flax, asbestos and
a host of other fibres

 Obtaines form animal plant and mineral sources.

 Manufactured fibres are produces in laboratories

and factories.

 Liquid soultion pushed through spinnerates and

cooled down
 ary spinning ² liquid strand hardened by dry
air. Ex- acetate and modacrylic

 Wet spinning ² liquid strand hardened by

treatment of cold liquid. Ex²
acrylic and viscos.

 Melt spinning --- liquid strand hardened by

treatment of cold air. Ex ²
glass, nylon and polyester.
 aetermines its physical properties and end use.

 Length ² staples have small, filaments have long

silk² 1600 yds(Filament Fibre)
cotton -- .5 ´ to 2.5µ
flax ² 2 ´to 36µ
wool ² 1µ to 18 ´
 Filement yarns are cut into tows and spun again
into yarn
 Shape ² could be round , lobal, seed like,
rectangular

 aetermines handfeel, lusture, drape and texture of

the fabric.

 Longitudinal surface could be smooth, crimped,

serrated, coiled.

 aiameter refers to the thickness and hence it

flexibility.
 ¢hemical composition affects properties like
strength, abrasion resistance, environmental
resistance, heat resistance, dyestuff to be used.

¢otton is composed of cellulose

Wool of protein
Asbestos of minerals
Polyester and nylon of synthetic materials
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 Abrasion resistance ² nylon is used for active sports
wear while acetate is used for interlinings

 Absorbance ² expresses as moisture regain ( mr).

Relates to body comfort. Amount of water that a bone
dry fibre will absorb under 70 F and 65% Rh.

hydrophilic fibres ² all natural fibres

hydrophobic fibres ² all man mades

Viscos and acetate are an exception of hydrophobic fibre.

 ¢hemical effect ² affect of acid and bases on
fibre. Relates to wet processing
and care instructions.
cotton looses strength when treated with resin
wool is weak to acids but can withstand alkali.

 ¢over ² relates to the warmth and insulation.

Wool has good cover due to its scaly
surface
 Elasticity --- lycra ( Spandex ) can be elongated
up to 4.. T o 500 %. It relates to
stretchability and seam strength

 Environmental conditions --- acrylic is very

strong. Acetate is weak and subject to
gas fading. Nylon is weak.

 Flammability --- flammable, inflammable and

flame resistant. Trivera( Hoechst
cleanse) polyester is flame resistant.
 Flexibility ² this refers to the drape of the
fabric. Thinner the fabric, higher
the drape. Acetate has higher drape
than glass.

 Handfeel ² this is affected by the surface

structure of the fabric. Nylon is
smooth due to round shape while
wool is coarser due to scales.

 Lusture ² affected by the longitudinal structure

and cross section. Flat cross section,
smooth structure, long length
produce more lusture.
 Pilling ² it is the formation of tiny pill balls on the
surface of the fabric. Hydrophobics have
a tendency to do this

 Resiliency ² relates to dimensional stability.

Polyester is more resilient than cotton.

 Specific gravity ² relates to the weight of the

fabric. Acrylic has less specific gravity
than wool.
 Static electricity ² electric charge due to rubbing.
Relates to pilling, dirt
attraction, body cling.

 Thermoplasticity ² temperature at which the

fibre starts melting is called
glass transition temperature (
tg).

 Wicking ² relates to cooling and comfort. Lines

has good wicking so comfortable for
summer. Olefin has excellent wicking.
 ðy burning

 ¢hlorine bleach test

 ¢hemical solubility test

 Wet strength test

 Acetone test