Processing of data

MOD - 05
 INTRODUCTION
 Data processing is an intermediary stage of work between data
collection and data interpretation.
 The data gathered from in the form of questionnaires..... Is mostly
in the form of a large volume of research variables.
The various steps in processing of data may be stated as:
 Identifying data structures
 Editing the data
 Coding & classifying the data
 Tabulation of data
 EDITING

 Editing is the a process of checking to detect

and correct errors and omission.
Data editing happens at two stage :
 one at the time of recording the data.
 second at the time of analysis of data.
 Contd:-
 The editing step checks for the completeness,
accuracy and uniformity of the data set created by
the researcher
 Completeness :- the first step of editing is to check
whether there is an answer to all the
question/variable set out in the data set. If there
were any omission, the researcher sometime would
be able to deduce the correct answer from other
related data on the same instrument.
 Contd:-
Accuracy:-
 Apart from checking for omission, the accuracy of

each recorded answer should be checked.

 A random check process can be applied to trace

the errors at this step.

 Consistency in response can also be checked at this

step.
 CONTD :-
 Uniformity :- In editing data sets, another keen
look out should be for any lack of uniformity in
interpretation of questions and instructions by the
data recorders.
 While interpreting the answers, care should be
taken as to record the answer as a positive
question response or as a negative question
response.
 Contd:-
 The final point in the editing of the data sets
is to maintain a log of all corrections that
have been carried out at this stage. The
documentation of these corrections help the
researcher to retain the original data set.
 CODING
 The edited data are then subject to coding .
 Coding process assign numerals or other symbols to the
several responses of the data set.
 At the recording stage itself , if some codification were done
to the responses collected, it would be useful in the data
analysis.
 Coding gives a benefits a research, by verification and
editing of recordings & further contact with the respondents
can be achieved without any difficulty.
 The codification can be made at the time of distribution of
the primary data sheet itself.
 Methods of coding

 Numeric coding:- coding has to be numeric, when the

variable is to be subject to further parametric analysis.
Parametric
A test that involves metric data (i.e. data from interval or
ratio scales that can be analyzed statistically)

All parametric test are based on the assumption of normality

i.e. population is considered to be normally distributed.
 EXAMPLE

Policies in your organization :–

Leave arrangement
Are you aware of this polices Do you feel this policy are
important in organization
Yes NO IMP V.IMP UN IMP V.UNIMP
Career
Study
Religious
training
 CONTD:-

Alphabetic coding:-
 A mere tabulation or frequency count
or graphical representation of the
variable may be given an alphabetic
coding.
 Example

A. Policies in your organization :– Leave

arrangement
B. Parenting related issues
C Flexible work arrangement
D. Additional work provision
 Contd :-
 Zero coding:- coding of zero has to
assigned carefully to a variable.
 In many instance , when manual analysis
is done, a code of 0 would imply a “no
response” from the respondents.
 There will be a tendency to give a code of
0 to a “no response”
 Examples of coding
Question No Variable Response category code

1.1 organization Private Pt

Govt Go

1.2 Owner of vehicle Yes 2

no 1

2.1 Vehicle Excellent 3

performance Good 2
bad 1
2.2 occupation Salaried S
Professional P
Business B
others
 classification
 When open-ended responses have been received,
classification is necessary to code the response.

 The scheme of classification should be there i…e category

for every response.

 The inclusion of classification “others” tends to fill in the

cluttered, but few responses from the data sheet.
 Example
Mention the items which you bought recently
 Durables ……………………..
 Non durables ……………………..
 Groceries & food items …………..
 Fashion & health products ………..
 Others (plse specify) ……………..
The classification “others” will be very useful when
minority of responses in the data set give varying
answer.
 Tabulation
 The transcription of data can be used to
summarize and arrange the data in a compact
form for further analysis . The process is called
tabulation.
 Tabulation is a process of summarizing raw data
and displaying them on compact statistical tables
for further analysis.
 It involves counting the number cases falling into
each of the categories identified by the researcher.
 Methods of tabulation
 Manual tabulation : frequency table
 Computerized tabulation : SPSS Software.

E.g. EASY TO IMPLEMENT-10

Question A Year 5 4  3 2 1
Is it easy to get things done
in your working group / team?(C) 2009 24 54 7 10 4
  
 Contd:-

EASY TO IMPLEMENT-10
Question B Year 5 4 3 2 1

Are decisions implemented

quickly enough in your
Company ? 2009 14 43 15 19 9 
 Graphs and charts
 Simple line graph
 Market line graph
 Histogram
 Vertical / horizontal gar chart
 Pie chart
 EXAMPLES

90
80
70
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50 East
40 West
30 North
20
10
0
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