Agenda

1. Frequency spectrum analysis

2. Assuming physical signals as random processes.
3. Using Autocorrelation technique random signals are
characterised in time domain.
4. Fourier transform(DFT) of Autocorrelation function
results in power spectrum.
5. Spectral Analyser helps in generating spectrum.
 POWER SPECTRUM
• The power spectrum gives a plot of the portion of a signal's
power (energy per unit time) falling within given frequency
band.
• The most common way of generating a power spectrum is by
using Discrete Fourier Transform.
• More detailed information is available in power spectrum
than ordinary spectrum.
METHODS FOR POWER SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

• Burg Method
• Covariance Method
• Modified Covariance Method
• Magnitude FFT
• Periodogram Method(Welch Method)
• Yule-Walker Method
 PSD ESTIMATION
• Welch’s method for estimating power spectral
densities(PSD) is obtained as:

 Dividing the time signal into successive

blocks.
 Averaging Squared-magnitude DFTs of the
obtained successive signal blocks.
POWER SPECTRUM ESTIMATION (contd.)

 {.}m denotes time averaging across blocks (or ``frames'') of data indexed by

‘m’.
 xm(n)=x(n+mN) n=0,1,….N-1
DFT IMPLEMENTATION
 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
• EEG activity during sleep in cigarette smokers

• OBJECTIVE: To examine differences in sleep EEG between smokers and

nonsmokers.

• METHODS: Smokers and nonsmokers who were free of all medical

comorbidities were matched on different factors, including age, gender, race,
body mass index, and anthropometric measures. Sleep architecture was
assessed using visual sleep-stage scoring.
The discrete fast Fourier transform was used to calculate the EEG power
spectrum for the entire night within contiguous 30-s epochs of sleep for the
following frequency bandwidths:
delta (0.8 to 4.0 Hz); theta (4.1 to 8.0 Hz); alpha (8.1 to 13.0 Hz); and beta
(13.1 to 20.0 Hz).
• RESULTS: Conventional sleep stages were similar between the
two groups. However, spectral analysis of the sleep EEG
showed that, compared to nonsmokers, smokers had a lower
percentage of EEG power in the delta-bandwidth and higher
percentage of EEG power in alpha-bandwidth.
Differences in the EEG power spectrum between smokers
and nonsmokers were greatest in the early part of the sleep
period and decreased toward the end. Subjective complaints
of lack of restful sleep were also more prevalent in smokers
than in nonsmokers and were explained, in part, by the
differences in EEG spectral power.
 OTHER APPLICATIONS
 Audio Signal analysis
 Telecommunications
 Other Medical Applications
 CONCLUSION
• DFT is the best tool for generating frequency
spectra of any random signal(physical signals)
• DFT provides direct examination of
information encoded in the frequency, phase,
and amplitude of the component sinusoids.