The Cardiovascular System

JOMAR P. RONQUILLO, RN, MANc

Anatomy and Physiology Instructor
Peripheral Circulation
Functions of the Peripheral Circulation
1. Carry blood
Functions of the Peripheral
Circulation
2. Exchange nutrients, waste products, and
gases
Functions of the Peripheral
Circulation
3. Transport
Functions of the Peripheral
Circulation
4. Regulate blood pressure
Functions of the Peripheral
Circulation
5. Direct blood flow
General Features of Blood
Vessels
General Features of Blood Vessels
3 Types of blood vessels:
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Arteries
Capilliaries
Veins
General Features of Blood Vessels
Blood vessel walls consist of three layers, except
in capillary and venules:
Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa
Layers of the Blood Vessels
Layers of the Blood Vessels
Layers of the Blood Vessles
Arteries
Classification of arteries:
Elastic Arteries
Muscular Arteries
Arterioles
Elastic Arteries
Are the largest –diameter arteries and have the
thickest walls
Muscular Arteries
Include medium-sized and small-diameter
arteries
Their walls are relatively thick compared to their
diameter
Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
Arterioles
The smallest arteries in which the three tunics
can be identified
Capillaries
Capillary walls consist of endothelium
Each capillary is 0.5 to 1 mm long
Capillaries branches without changing their
diameter
Capillaries
Capillaries
Capillaries
Blood flows from arterioles into capillaries
Blood flow is regulated by precapillary
sphincters
As blood flows through capillaries, gas exchange
happens
Veins
Four types:
Venules
Small veins
Medium-sized veins
Large veins
Veins
Are more distensible than arteries
Contain valves
Varicose Veins
Result when the veins of the lower limbs
become so dilated that the cusps of the valves
no longer overlap to prevent backflow of blood.
Blood Vessels of the
Pulmonary Circulation
Blood Vessels of the Pulmonary
Circulation
Blood Vessels of the Pulmonary
Circulation
BLOOD VESSELS OF THE
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
BLOOD VESSELS OF THE SYSTEMIC
CIRCULATION (ARTERIES)
The systemic circulation is the flow of blood
through the system of blood vessels that carries
blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the
tissues of the body and back to the right atrium.
AORTA
All arteries from the systemic circulation branch
directly or indirectly from the aorta.
AORTA
Has three parts
AORTA
The left and right coronary arteries arise from
the base of the ascending aorta.
Aorta
Three major arteries arise from the aortic arch:
Aorta
The descending aorta is further divided into 2
portions:
Arterial Aneurysm
Is a localized dilation of an artery that usually
develops in response to trauma or congenital
weakness of the arterial wall.
ARTERIES OF THE HEAD AND
NECK
ARTERIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
The first vessel to branch from the aortic arch is
the brachiocephalic artery.
Right common carotid artery
Right subclavian artery
(2nd) Left common carotid artery
(3rd) Left subclavian artery
ARTERIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
ARTERIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
There is NO brachiocephalic artery on the left
side of the body.
ARTERIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
Left common carotid arteries:
Internal carotid arteries
External carotid arteries
ARTERIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
ARTERIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
The base of each internal carotid artery is
slightly dilated to form a carotid sinus.
ARTERIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
The external carotid arteries have several
branches that supply structures of the face,
neck, and mouth.
The internal carotid arteries contribute to the
cerebral arterial circle.
Cerebral Arterial Circle
Cerebral Arterial Circle
ARTERIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
Some of the blood to the brain is supplied by
the vertebral arteries.
Branches of the vertebral arteries supply blood
to the spinal cord, as well as to the vertebrae,
muscles, and ligaments in the neck.
ARTERIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
ARTERIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
The basilar artery:
ANATOMY OF THE UPPER
LIMBS
ANATOMY OF THE UPPER LIMBS
Axillary artery
Brachial artery
Ulnar artery
Radial artery
THE AORTA AND ITS
BRANCHES
THE THORACIC AORTA AND ITS
BRANCHES
Thoracic aorta:
Visceral arteries
Parietal arteries:
Posterior intercostal arteries
Superior phrenic arteries
Internal thoracic arteries
THE ABDOMINAL AORTA AND ITS
BRANCHES
Abdominal aorta:
Visceral
Parietal
THE ABDOMINAL ARTERIES AND ITS
BRANCHES
Visceral branch
Unpaired:
Celiac trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
Paired:
Renal arteries
Suprarenal arteries
Testicular/Ovarian arteries
THE ABDOMINAL ARTERIES AND ITS
BRANCHES
Parietal branch
Inferior phrenic arteries
Lumbar arteries
Median sacral arteries
ARTERIES OF THE PELVIS
ARTERIES OF THE PELVIS
Common iliac arteries
External iliac
Internal iliac
Visceral branches
Parietal branches
ARTERIES OF THE LOWER
LIMBS
ARTERIES OF THE LOWER LIMBS
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Anterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
Posterior tibial
Fibular
THE FEMORAL TRIANGLE
BLOOD VESSELS OF THE
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION:
VEINS
BLOOD VESSELS OF THE SYSTEMIC
CIRCULATION: VEINS
Veins of the Head and Neck
External Jugular Veins
Internal Jugular Veins
Brachiocephalic Veins
Superior Vena Cava
Veins of the Head and Neck
VEINS OF THE UPPER LIMBS
Veins of the Upper Limbs
Deep group
Brachial veins
Superficial group
Cephalic vein
Basilic vein
Median cubital vein
Veins of the Upper Limbs
VEINS OF THE THORAX
Veins of the Thorax
Right brachiocephalic vein
Left brachiocephalic vein
Azygos vein
VEINS OF THE ABDOMEN
AND THE PELVIS
Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis
Ascending lumbar veins
Internal iliac veins
External Iliac veins
Common iliac veins
Ascending Lumbar Vein
Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis
Hepatic portal system
Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis
Hepatic portal vein
Splenic vein
Superior mesenteric vein
Hepatic veins
VEINS OF THE LOWER LIMBS
Veins of the Lower Limbs
Deep group

Superficial group
Small saphenous vein
Popliteal vein
Great saphenous vein
Femoral vein
External iliac vein
Small Saphenous Vein
Great Saphenous Vein
FYI: Coronary Bypass Surgery
Venous Thrombosis
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF
CIRCULATION
The Physiology of Circulation
The function of the circulatory system is to
maintain adequate blood flow to all tissues.
The Physiology of Circulation
Blood pressure (BP):
A measure of the force that blood exerts against
the blood vessel walls.
In arteries, BP values exhibit a cycle dependent on
the rhythmic contractions of the heart
Systolic pressure
Diastolic pressure
High Blood Pressure
PRESSURE AND RESISTANCE
The value for systolic and diastolic pressure vary
among healthy people
BP values are affected be several factors
Blood pressure progressively falls as blood flows
through capillaries and veins
Resistance
The greater the resistance in blood vessel, the
more rapidly the pressure decreases as blood
flows through it.
Resistance to blood flow: Artery vs veins
PULSE PRESSURE
PULSES
CAPILLARY EXCHANGE
CAPILLARY EXCHANGE
There are about 10 billion capillaries in the
human body
Nutrients and waste products diffuse across the
walls of the capillaries
A small amount of fluid is forced out of the
capillaries at the arteriolar ends
CAPILLARY EXCHANGE
Two major forces are responsible for the
movement of fluid through the capillary wall.
EDEMA
Edema, or swelling, results from a disruption of
the normal inwardly and outwardly directed
pressures across the capillary walls.
LOCAL CONTROL OF BLOOD
VESSELS
LOCAL CONTROL OF BLOOD
VESSELS
Local control of blood vessels is achieved by
periodic contraction and relaxation of the
precapillary sphincters.
The precapillary sphincters are controlled by the
metabolic needs of the tissues
NERVOUS CONTROL OF
BLOOD VESSELS
NERVOUS CONTROL OF BLOOD
VESSELS
Nervous control of blood vessels is carried out
primarily through the sympathetic division of
the autonomic nervous system.
NERVOUS CONTROL OF BLOOD
VESSELS
Vasomotor center
Vasoconstrictor fibers
Vasomotor tone
NERVOUS CONTROL OF BLOOD
VESSELS
Nervous control of blood vessels also causes
blood to be shunted from one large area of the
body to another.
REGULATION OF ARTERIAL
PRESSURE
REGULATION OF ARTERIAL
PRESSURE
An adequate blood pressure is required to
maintain blood flow through the blood vessels
of the body.
Several regulatory mechanisms ensure that an
adequate blood pressure is maintained.
REGULATION OF ARTERIAL
PRESSURE
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MAP)
MAP = CO x PR
The MAP is controlled on a minute-to-minute
basis
BARORECEPTOR REFLEXES
Baroreceptors activate reflexes that keep the
blood pressure within normal range of values
BARORECEPTOR REFLEXES
BARORECEPTOR REFLEXES
The baroreceptor reflexes regulate the blood
pressure on a moment-to-moment basis.
CHEMOREPTOR REFLEXES
CHEMOREPTOR REFLEXES
Carotid and aortic bodies and chemoreceptors
CHEMOREPTOR REFLEXES
HORMONAL MECHANISMS
ADRENAL MEDULLA MECHANISM
Stimuli that result in increased sympathetic
stimulation of the heart and blood vessels also
cause increase stimulation of the adrenal
medulla.
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-
ALDOSTERONE MECHANISM
VASOPRESSOR MECHANISMS
ATRIAL ATRIURETIC MECHANISMS
SHORT TERM AND LONG
TERM REGULATION OF
BLOOD PRESSURE
SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM
REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE
Baroreceptors = short term basis
EFFECTS OF AGING ON
BLOOD VESSELS
EFFECTS OF AGING ON BLOOD
VESSELS
The walls of all arteries undergo changes as they
age.
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
ARTHEROSCLEROSIS