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aptitude tests, Spearman concluded that scores on these tests were remarkably similar.
• People who performed well on one cognitive test tended to perform well on other
tests, while those who scored badly on one test tended to score badly on other.
• He concluded that intelligence is general cognitive ability that could be measured and
Instead of viewing intelligence as a single, general ability, Thurstone's theory focused on seven
different "primary mental abilities" (Thurstone, 1938). The abilities that he described were:
• Verbal comprehension
• Reasoning
• Perceptual speed
• Numerical ability
• Word fluency
• Associative memory
• Spatial visualization
Multiple Intelligences
• Visual-spatial Intelligence
• Verbal-linguistic Intelligence
• Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence
• Logical-mathematical Intelligence
• Interpersonal Intelligence
• Musical Intelligence
• Intra personal Intelligence
• Naturalistic Intelligence
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
them, how they work, how to work cooperatively with them. Successful salespeople,
politicians, teachers, clinicians, and religious leaders are all likely to be individuals with
• At the same time, social intelligence probably draws on specific internal abilities. For
example, in a recent study of incompetence, Kruger and Dunning (1999) found that
• Social intelligence appears to be receiving the most attention in the management and
organizational psychology literatures (e.g., Hough, 2001; Riggio, Murphy, & Pirozzolo,
2002).
Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence, on the other hand, "is a type of social intelligence that
involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' emotions, to discriminate
among them, and to use the information to guide one's thinking and actions"
According to Goleman (1995), "Emotional intelligence, the skills that help people
intelligences, and involves abilities that may be categorized into five domains
what is behind a feeling; finding ways to handle fears and anxieties, anger,
and sadness.
social skills.
Significance of Theories of Multiple Intelligences in Teaching-Learning
student the motivation to be a "specialist." This can in turn lead to increased self-esteem.
administrators, and parents can better understand the learners in their midst. They can
allow students to safely explore and learn in many ways, and they can help students
direct their own learning. Adults can help students understand and appreciate their
strengths, and identify real-world activities that will stimulate more learning. (Anne
• Thought is defined as an idea that you have in your mind (Collins Cobuild Advanced
symbols which are used by the people of a particular country or region (Collins Cobuilds
worldview. He based his hypothesis on the study of the treatment of time and
space in Hopi. Whorf claimed that speakers of Hopi and speakers of English see
have social origins and second, children use language for some time
Egocentric speech occurs when a child uses language that she/he has
Chomsky’s 1957 book, Syntactic Structures, set the stage for shifting the study of
Chomsky theorized that children are born with some form of a language-acquisition
device that enables them to analyze the speech they hear and derive the rules of that
when we study the deep structures of the languages we see that there is very little
between anthropology and linguistics was not as sharply defined in America prior to
Chomsky.
• Chomsky approaches the issues of linguistic structure as a part of human psychology.
systems in other animals. He disagrees with the argument that human language is
• Chomsky argues that there is no established relationships in Karl Popper’s theory that
human language passed through stages, a “lower stage” of vocal gestures used for
expression of emotion and a “higher stage” of articulated sounds used for expression
of thought, (Chomsky, 1968) This gap is comparable to the “missing link” in the
evolution of humans.
• Chomsky argues that the theory of learning needs to expand from the concept that
• According to Piaget, the bond uniting all the specific characteristics of child logic
is the egocentrism of the child’s thinking. To this core trait he relates all the other
the laws of experience and of logic proper. Autistic thought, on the contrary, is
• According to Bloom (1956), there are three different domains of learning. There is cognitive, psychomotor
and affective.
• Analysis - this means taking a whole concept and breaking it down into parts
• Synthesize - this means building parts up into a new whole (includes deduction)
• Manipulation - doing what is told rather than shown (some previous imitation)
• Guided response - own trial and error set using known methods