AN 3

104

Lecturer : Ederlyn Maura M. Delamide

 “Historical
Perspective's
Of Nursing”
 Learning Objectives
• Discuss historical and cotemporary factors influencing
the development of nursing

• Identify the essential aspect of nursing

• List down important nursing leaders and their

contribution

• Define nursing comprehensively

 Learning Objectives

• Differentiate the two (2) recipients of

Nursing

• Identify the four (4) major areas

within the scope of nursing practice
 Historical Perspectives
• Women’s Role

– Wife
– Mother
– Daughter
– Sister
 Religion
• Benevolence-” love thy neighbor as thyself”
• Good Samaritan
• Royal Empire
– Fabiola
• The Crusades:
– Formation of several Knights
- Knights of St. John of Jerusalem
(Knights of the Hospitalers)
 Religion
– Teutonic Knights
– Knights of Saint Lazarus
• Deaconess Groups
– 1836 Theodore Fliedner reinstituted the Order
of Deaconess opened small hospital and
training school in Kaiserwerth, Germany
– Florence Nightingale received her training in
nursing in Kaiserwerth School
 Religion
• Early Religious Values
– Self denial
– Spiritual calling
– Devotion to duty and work
 War
• Crimean War (1854-1856)
– Florence Nigthingale
– Sir Sidney Herbert of the British War
Dept
• American Civil War ( 1861-1865)
- Harriet Tubman & Sojourner Truth
- Walt Whitman & Louisa Alcott
- Dorothy Dix
 War
• World War I
- American, British, and French women volunteers
- “The Spirit of Nursing” in Arlington Natinal
Cemetery

• World War II
- Cadet Nurse Corps
- American Women Military
 Societal Attitudes
• Societal Attitudes – significantly influenced
professional nursing

• Before mid-1800’s nursing was

a. Without organization
b. Without education
c. Without social status
 Societal Attitudes
• Prevailing attitudes includes:
a. Woman’s place was in the home
b. No respectable woman should have a
career.
c. Woman is said to be a wife and mother
d. Pleasant companion for his husband
e. Responsible mother for her children
 Societal Attitudes
• Society’s attitudes about nursing are all reflected in the
writings of Charles Dickens
( Martin Chuzzlewit 1896)
– She cared for the sick by neglecting them
– Stealing from them
– Physically abusing them
• This literal portrayal of nurses greatly influenced the
negative image and attitude toward nurses up to
contemporary times
 Societal Attitudes
• In contrast, the Guardian Angel or Angel of Mercy
image arose in the latter part of 19th century
because of Florence Nightingale during the
Crimean War

a. Respect for the nursing profession

b. Granted women the right to vote
c. Allow nurse to control their profession
 Nursing Leaders
• Florence Nightingale

- Her achievements in improving the standards for

the care of war causalities in the Crimea earned
the title “ Lady with Lamp”

- Her efforts in reforming hospital and in producing

and implementing public health policies and in
her accomplished political nurse
 Nursing Leaders
• Considered the
founder of Modern
Nursing

• She was influential in

developing, nursing
education, practice,
and administration
 Nursing Leaders
• She was the first nurse to exert political
pressure on government

• Her contribution to nursing education,

perhaps her greatest achievement

• She’s also the recognized as the nursing first

scientist –theorist for her work
• Notes on Nursing: What It is, and What It is
Not.(1860/1969)
 Nursing Leaders
• Nightingale was born wealthy and intellectual
family

• She believed she was “called by God to help

others”…and to” improve the well being of
mankind” (Schuyler, 1992,p.4)

• She was determined to become a nurse in spite of

opposition from her family and the restrictive
societal code for affluent young English women
 Nursing Leaders
• She visited Kaiserswerth in 1847,
where she had three (3) months
training in nursing

• In 1853, she studied in Paris with the

Sisters of Charity, after which she
returned to England to assume the
position of superintendent of a charity
hospital for ill governesses
 Nursing Leaders
• Upon returning to England from the
Crimea, a grateful English public gave
Nightingale an honorarium of ƒ4500
• She used the money to develop the
Nightingale Training School for Nurses
which opened in 1860
• Nightingale’s vision of nursing,cluded
public health and health promotion for
nurses
 Nursing Leaders
• Clara Barton ( 1812-1912)
– She was a schoolteacher who volunteered as
a nurse during the American Civil War.
– Her responsibility was to organize the nursing
services
– she was noted for her role in establishing the
American Red Cross, in linked with the
International Red Cross ( Geneva Convention)
 Nursing Leaders
• Clara Barton
(1812-1912)

• organized the
American Red
Cross linked
with the
International
Red Cross
 Nursing Leaders
• Lillian Wald (1867- 1940)

– Considered the founder of Public Health

– Wald and Mary Brewster were the first to

offer trained nursing services to the poor
on the upper floor of a tenement called
the Henry Street Settlement and Visiting
Nurse Service
 Nursing Leaders
• Nursing services
• Social services
• Organized education
• Cultural activities

• Soon after the founding of the Henry Street

Settlement, school nursing was established
as an adjunct to visiting nurse
 Nursing Leaders
• Lillian Wald
(1867-1940)

• Founded the
Henry Street
Settlement and
Visiting Nurse
Service
Nursing Leaders
• Lavinia L. Dock
(1858-1956)
– Feminist
– Prolific writer
– Political activist
– Suffragette
– Friend of Wald

•
•
 Nursing Leaders
• participated in protest movements for
women’s rights and resulted in the
1920 passage of the 19th Amendment
to the U.S Constitution. Which granted
women the right to vote

• Dock campaigned for legislation to

allow nurses rather than physicians to
control their profession
 Nursing Leaders
• Nursing Leader and suffragist

• Active in the protest movement for women’s rights that resulted in

the U.S Constitution amendment allowing women to vote in 1920

• 1893- Dock with the Mary Adelaide Nutting and Isabel Hampton
founded the American Society of Superintendents of Training
Schools for Nurses of the United States and Canada

-A precursor to the current National League for Nursing.

 Nursing Leaders
• Margaret Higgins Sanger
(1879-1966)
– Public Health Nurse in New
York
– Imprisoned for opening the
first birth control
information clinic in
America.
– Founder of Planned
Parenthood
 Nursing Leaders
• Nurse activist Margaret Sanger

• Considered the founder of Planned

parenthood Was imprisoned for
opening the first birth control
information clinic in Baltimore in
1916
 Nursing Leaders
• Mary Breckinridge
(1881-1965)
– Established the Frontier
Nursing Service
– 1918- worked with the
American Committee for
Devastated France
distributing food, clothing
and supplies to rural villages
and taking care of the sick
children.
 Nursing Leaders
• In 1921, Breckinridge return to the
United States with the plan to provide
health care to the people of rural
America

• 1925- with two other nurses began the

FNS in Leslie County in Kentucky and
started one of the first midwifery
training school in the United States
 Nursing Leaders
• Mary Breckinridge
• Nurse who practiced midwifery in
England, Australia, and New Zealand
• Founded the Frontier Nursing Service
in Kentucky in 1925
• To provide family centered primary
health care to rural populations
 Definition of Nursing
Florence Nightingale Defined nursing
– the act of utilizing the environment
of the patient to assist him in his
recovery. (Nightingale, 1860).
– clean environment
– Well-ventilated
– Quiet environment essential for
recovery
 Definition of Nursing

• Often considered the first theorist

• Nightingale raised the status of
Nursing through education
• Nurses were no longer untrained
housekeepers but people educated in
the care of the sick
 Definition of Nursing
• Virginia Henderson- was one of the first
modern nurses to define nursing

• The unique function of the nurse is to

assist the individual, sick or well in the
performance of those activities
contributing to the health or its
recovery.(or to peaceful death)
 Definition of Nursing

• He would perform unaided if he had the

necessary strength, will or knowledge and to
do such a way as to help him gain
independence as rapidly as possible

• Henderson (1966)- described nursing in

relation to client and the client’s environment
as compared to nightingale, Henderson saw
the nurse as concerned with both the healthy
and the ill individual
 Definition of Nursing

• In 1987, The Canadian Nurses Association

(CAN) described nursing as a dynamic,
caring, helping relationship I which the
nurse assists the client to achieve and
obtain optimal health

• In the latter 2oth century, several nurse

theorist developed their own theoretical
definitions of nursing
 Definition of Nursing

• Theoretical definitions are important

because they go beyond the
simplistic common definitions
• They described what nursing is
• The relationship among nurses and
nursing, the client, the environment
and the intended client outcome:
health
 Definition of Nursing

• Certain themes are common to the

definitions:

– Nursing is caring
– Nursing is an art
– Nursing is a science
– Nursing is client centered
– Nursing is holistic
 Definition of Nursing

– Nursing is adoptive
– Nursing is concerned with the
health promotion, health
maintenance, and health
restoration
– Nursing is a helping profession
 Definition of Nursing

• Professional Nursing Associations also

developed their definition

• 1973, American Nurses Association (ANA)

described nursing practice as direct, goal
oriented and adoptable to the needs of the
individual, the family and the community
during health and illness (ANA, 1973, p.9)
 Definition of Nursing

• In 1980, the ANA changed this definition of

nursing to this:
• “ Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of
the human responses to actual and potential
health problems”( ANA, 1980, p.9)
• In 1995, ANA recognized the influence and
contribution of the science of caring to
nursing acknowledges four essential features
to contemporary nursing practice
 Definition of Nursing

• a. Attention to the full range of human

experiences and responses to health and
illness without restriction to a problem
focused orientation

• b. Integration of objective data with

knowledge gained from an
understanding of the client or group’s
subjective experience
 Definition of Nursing

• c. Application of scientific knowledge

to the processes of diagnosis and
treatment

• d. Provision of a caring relationship

that facilitates health and healing
 Recipients of Nursing
• The recipients of nursing are sometimes
called Consumers

• Consumers- is an individual, group of

people, or community that uses a
service or commodity

• People who use health care products or

service are consumers of health care
Recipients of Nursing
 Recipients of Nursing
• Patient- person who is waiting for or
undergoing medical treatment and care
• The word patient came from a Latin word
meaning “ to suffer” or “to bear”. Traditionally
the person receiving health care has been
called a patient
• Usually, people become patients when they
seek assistance because of illness or for surgery
 Recipients of Nursing
• Clients- person who engages the service or
services of another who is qualified to provide this
service

• The term client presents the receiver of health care

as laboratories in the care, as people who are also
responsible for their own health

• The health status of the client is the responsibility

of the individual in collaboration with health
professionals
 Scope of Nursing
• Nurses provides care for three types of
Clients:

– Individuals
– Families
– Communities
 Scope of Nursing
• Nursing practice involves four
areas:

– Promoting health and wellness

– Preventing illness
– Restoring health
– Care of the dying
 Scope of Nursing
• 1. Promoting Health and Wellness

– Wellness is a state of well-being.

– Engaging in attitudes and behavior
that enhance the quality of life and
maximize personal potential
– ( Anspaugh, hamrick, & Rosata,
2001)
 Scope of Nursing
• Nurses promote wellness in clients in both
healthy and ill by:

– Improving nutrition and physical fitness

– Preventing drug and alcohol misuse
– Restricting smoking
– Preventing accidents and injury at home
and workplace
 Scope of Nursing
• Preventing illness –the goal is to maintain
optimal health by preventing disease

– Nursing Activities includes:

– Immunizations
– Prenatal and infant care
– Prevention of sexually transmitted disease
 Scope of Nursing
• Restoring Health

• Focuses on the ill client and it extends from

early detection of disease through helping the
client during the recovery period

• Nursing Activities includes:

– Providing direct care to the ill person, such
as administering medications, baths and
specific procedures and treatment
 Scope of Nursing
• Performing diagnostic and assessment
procedures such as, measuring blood pressure
and examining feces for occult blood

• Consulting with other health care professionals

about clients problems

• Teaching clients about recovery activities, such

as exercises that will accelerate recovery after
stroke
 Scope of Nursing
• Rehabilitating clients to their optimal
functional level following physical or
mental illness, injury, or chemical
addiction
 Scope of Nursing
• Care of the Dying

– provides comforting and caring for people

of all ages who are dying. Includes:
– Helping clients as comfortably as possible
until death
– Helping support persons cope with death
 Scope of Nursing
• Nurses carry these activities at:

– Home
– Hospitals
– Extended care facilities.
– Some agency, like hospices are specially
designed for this purpose