HYDRO GENERATOR

TYPE , CONSTRUCTIONAL
DETAILS
&
EXCITATION SYSYTEM

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 HYDRO GENERATOR
 These are low speed machine of the salient Pole
type. They have large no. of poles. Rotor is
characterized by large diameter and short axial
length. Capacity of such generator varies from
500 KW to 300 MW. Power factor are usually 0.90
to 0.95 lagging.
 Available head is a limitation in the choice of
speed of hydro generator.
 Standard generation voltage in our country is
3.3KV, 6.6KV, 11 KV ,13.8 KV, & 16KV at 50 Hz.
 Short Circuit Ratio varies from 1 to 1.4.

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 DIFFERENCES FROM
TURBO- GENERATOR
 HYDRO- GENERATOR
 TURBO GENERATOR

 WATER TURBINE
 DRIVEN BY STEAM  LOW SPEED
TURBINE  SALIENT POLE
 RUN AT HIGH SPEED  NON UNIFORM AIR GAP
 CYLLINDRICAL ROTOR  HIGHER AIR GAP
 UNIFORM AIR GAP  HIGHER SCR (1 TO 1.4)
 LOWER AIR GAP  DISTORTED SINUSOIDAL P- δ
 LOWER SCR (0.5 TO 0.8) CURVE
 FOR δ < 90O
 SINUSOIDAL P- δ CURVE
 MAXIMUM POWER AT δ
=90O

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POWER -ANGLE CURVE OF
SYNCHRONOUS M/C.

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 SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO
 DEFINED AS THE RATIO OF FIELD CURRENT
REQUIRED TO GENERATE RATED OPEN CIRCUIT
VOLTAGE TO THE FIELD CURRENT REQUIRED TO
CIRCULATE RATED ARMATURE CURRENT ON 3φ
SHORT CIRCUIT AT STATOR TERMINAL
 SCR =
 SCR AFFECTS BOTH THE PHYSICAL SIZE AND
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS

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 SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO
 LOW SCR
 MEANS GREATER Xd
 LARGE VOLTAGE VARIATION
 POOR VOLTAGE REGULATION
 LESS SYNCHRONOUS POWER
 LOWER STABILITY LIMIT
 LOWER ARMATURE SHORT CKT CURRENT

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 SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO
 HIGH SCR
 LOWER VALUE OF Xd
 HIGH ARMATURE SHORT CKT CURRENT
 GREATER STABILITY LIMIT
 GOOD VOLTAGE REGULATION

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 CLASSIFICATIONS

 WITH RESPECT TO POSITION OF ROTOR

 ( i) HORIZONTAL
 (ii) VERTICAL
 1) SUSPENSION TYPE
 2) UMBRELLA TYPE
 SUSPENSION TYPE
 THRUST BEARING IN UPPER BRACKET ABOVE
ROTOR
 UMBRELLA TYPE
 THRUST BEARING IN LOWER BRACKET BELOW
ROTOR

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 DESIGNATION
 TYPE OF HYDROGENRATOR IS DESIGNATED AS
FOLLOWS FOR AN EXAMPLE
 SV 505 -16
 190
 SV ⇒ SYNCHRONOUS VERTICAL
 NUMERATOR 505 ⇒ OUTER DIAMETER OF
STATOR CORE IN cm
 DENOMINATOR 190 ⇒ ACTIVE LENGTH AT
STATOR CORE IN cm
 16 ⇒ NO. OF POLES

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 SELECTION OF NO. OF POLE
 Nsyn (Sync. Speed) = 120 F
P
 Synchronous Speed Of The Generator Depends Upon
The Specific Speed Of The Turbine
 Nsyn = Ns X Hn 1.25 / Pt 0.5

 SPECIFIC SPEED IS THE SPEED AT WHICH A

HOMOLOGUS TURBINE WOULD RUN WHEN
DEVELOPING 1 METRIC KW UNDER 1 M HEAD
Type of Turbine Sp. Speed (rpm , in Head (m)
m-Kw )
PELTON 12 - 60 > 400
FRANSIS 60 - 400 30- 650
KAPLAN 220 -1000 3-75
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 CONSTRUCTION
STATOR CONSTRUCTION
 STATOR FRAME - CYLLINDRICAL OR
POLYGONAL IN FORM
 TO SUPPORT THE STATOR CORE
 STATOR CORE
 PROVIDES HOUSE FOR STATOR
WINDINGS BUILT UP OF THIN VARNISHED
STAMPINGS

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 STATOR WINDINGS

 DOUBLE LAYER BAR TYPE WAVE CONNECTED

OR COIL TYPE LAP CONNECTED

 STATOR TEMPERATURE INDICATOR

 RTD ARE INSERTED INTO THE SLOTS OF THE
CORE AT DIFFERENT STRATERGIC LOCATION
FOR MEASURING THE TEMPERATURE OF
STATOR WINDING AND STATOR CORE

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 STATOR HEATERS

 FOR AVOIDING CONDENSATION INSIDE THE GENERATOR

BARREL DURING SHUT DOWN TO PROTECT THE
INSULATION OF THE GENERATOR WINDING

 AIR COOLERS

 PROVIDED AROUND THE STATOR FRAME FOR COOLING

THE GENERATOR WINDING
 BEARING COOLERS
 H S LUBRICATION
 BRAKE DUST COLLECTOR SYSTEM

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 ROTOR CONSTRUCTION
 TYPES OF ROROR
 Disc type ⇒ Disc are directly shrink fitted
on the shaft
 Rotor with spider and rim
 Shaftless ⇒ Instead of shrinking the
spider on shaft it is coupled to the shaft by
means at flange coupling

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 ROTOR COMPONENTS

 ROTOR SPIDER
 ROTOR RIM
 ROTOR SHAFT
 SLIP RINGS
 FANS

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 BRACKETS
 Provided for housing thrust and guide
bearing
 Two brackets:
 Upper bracket
 Lower bracket

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BRAKING AND JACKING
SYSTEM
 Brake shoes are pressed against the brake
tracks on the rotor to bring the machine to the
rest.
 Used as jacks for lifting of the rotor for which
the oil under pressure (about 100 kg/cm2) is
fed from high pressure pump unit. After
jacking the rotor can be maintained in lifted
position by turning the locking net and
releasing oil pressure

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 BRAKING AND JACKING
SYSTEM

 On normal shutdown brakes are applied

to bring the rotor quickly to standstill to
reduce wear in the thrust pad .

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 DAMPER WINDINGS
 For preventing hunting
 Consists at low resistance copper, bars
embedded in slots in the pole face of
salient pole machine.
 Copper bars are short circulated at both
ends by heavy copper rings.

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 EXCITATION SYSTEM

1. EXCITATION TRANSFORMER
(DRY TYPE )
2. RECTIFIER SYSTEM
3. AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE
REGULATOR
4. POWER SUPPLY UNITS
5. FIELD FLASHING UNITS

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TYPES OF EXCITATION SYSTEM

 DC MAIN EXCITER AND AMPLIDYNE

+ MAGNETIC AMPLIFIER AVR
 DC MAIN EXCITER + PILOT EXCITER
+ MAGNETIC AMPLIFIER AVR
 DC MAIN EXCITER +THYRISTORISED
AVR
 FULLY STATIC EXCITER WITH
THYRISTORISED AVR

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6. FIELD CIRCUIT BREAKER
7. DISCHARGE RESISTOR
8. DIGITAL CONTROL, PROTECTION
& METERING EQUIPMENT

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 FEATURES OF
EXCITATION SYSTEM
 WITH LARGE ALTERNATORS IN
POWER SYSTEM, EXCITATION
CONTROL PLAYS A VITAL ROLE.
 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE IS TAKEN
CARE OF BY EXCITATION SYSTEM.
 IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN SYSTEM
STABILITY IT IS NECESSARY TO
HAVE VERY FAST RESPONSE
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 EXCITATION SYSTEM FOR LARGE
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
OPERATING WITH THE GRID.
 HIGH CONTROL SPEED IS
ACHIEVED BY USING INERTIAL
FREE CONTROL AND POWER
ELECTRONICS.

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 EXCITATION PANEL
CONTAINS FIELD BREAKER CONTROL
LOGIC, THYRISTOR PANELS AND AVR

CB BUS-1

BUS-2
GCB

GENERATOR TRANSFORMER

UAT
EXC.TR.
A.C REF. VOL.
PT
G
AVR
GATE CT
F.F CONTROL
FB G
D.C GENERATOR

DR NGT

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 CONSTANT EXCITATION :
WATER FLOW INCREASE

 When water flow is increased δ advances to δ ’

along the arc of radius ‘E’ and centre ‘O’.

 This results in increase in power from the original

value due to increase in δ .
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 I’x shifts in phase and magnitude pf. Increases.
 CONSTANT POWER :
VARYING EXCITATION
E
' I cos ?E

I'X ? IX

d'
d
?'
V
?

Constant power line will be a straight line parallel to x-

axis
(I cos op = Constant)

• If excitation is varied E moves on constant power 27

line, varying the phase position and magnitude of
 EXCITATION CONTROL
P

EXCITATION
Pe. INCREASES

d1> d2 >d3
0° d3 d2 d1 90°
180° d

FIG.3(b)
POWER-ANGLE CURVE FOR VARYING EXCITATION LEVELS

 It is not advisable under any

circumstances to operate large unit on
Manual control.
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 Continued-----
 If unavoidable, keep highest
permissible terminal voltage and
lagging Power factor.
 If the machine is synchronized with
the AVR set point to match the rated
terminal voltage and in Auto control then
during loading no operator intervention
is necessary.
 The excitation change occurs
automatically.
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 Continued-----

E EN
P2
I'X

E
P1

Ixd
Vt'
Vt
d
Ixt
V
?

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 Continued-----
 When water flow is increased from
level P1 to P2. E shifts in phase to
increase the load angle.
 This causes a drop in terminal
voltage Vt.
 AVR acts to increase E so that V’t =
Vt .
 This results in increase in E, I and
phase advancements of E and EN to
the new operating point. 31
 OBJECTIVES
 GOOD RESPONSE IN VOLTAGE AND
REACTIVE POWER CONTROL.
 SATISFACTORY STEADY STATE
STABILITY i.e. SUFFICIENT CLAMPING OF
ELECTRO - MAGNETIC &
ELECTRO - MECHANICAL TRANSIENT.
 TRANSIENT STABILITY FOR ALL STATED
CONDITIONS.
 QUICK VOLTAGE RECOVERY AFTER
FAULT CLEARANCE.
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CAPABILITY CURVE
VE - I
CUR

Pn

E-3
RV
CU

-2
C URV E
Jch
I
?
a

1 /X s M Qn

U N D E R E X C IT E D : (- Q ) O V E R E X C ITE D : (+ Q )

C U R V E-1 : S T A T O R C U R R E N T LIM IT
C U R V E-2 : R O T O R C U R R E N T LIM IT
C U R V E-3 : S T A B ILIT Y LIM IT
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THANKS

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