Overall view of 220kv

switch yard
INTRODUCTION:
 Types of switch yards

Gas insulated switch yards

Air insulated switch yards
 Receives electrical power from 6x210 MW and
other inflows like K’kota and LANCO(200MW)
via incoming transmission lines.
 Delivers electrical power via outgoing
transmission lines to various substations
namely these are
• Podili(2nos)
• Rentachintala,
• Tallapalli,
• Nunna,
• Tadikonda (2nos),
• kondapalli(2nos),
• Gundadala,
• Narketpalli and
• Chilakallu
Tasks of switch yard:
► Protection of transmission system.
► Controlling the exchange of power.
► Maintain the system frequency within the targeted
levels.
► Determination of power transfer through
transmission lines.
► Fault analysis and subsequent improvements.
► Communication.
 Equipments in the switch yard:
► Insulators
► Conductors and Accessories
► Clamps and Connectors
► Circuit breakers
► Isolators
► Earthing switch
► Instrument transformers
► Surge arrestors
► Wave traps
The whole layout of switch yard at Dr.NTTPS:
Bus Bar:

 The flow of electrical power between

incoming and outgoing circuits takes place
through the bus bars.
 These are junction points carrying huge
power’
 These are copper rods or thin walled tubes
operating at constant voltage.
EHV Bus bar arrangements:

► Single bus bar.

► Single sectionalized bus bar.
► Double bus bar.
► Main and transfer bus arrangement.
► Duplicate bus bar arrangement.
► Three bus system: double and transfer bus.
► Breaker and half system.
Single bus bar arrangement:
► It is used for 132kv
substations.
► It is cheapest and simplest
in design.
 Disadvantages:
 The bus bar cannot be
repaired or tested with out
de-energizing the whole
system.
 If fault occurs on the bus bar
itself,there is complete
interruption of supply.
Single sectionalized bus bar:
► It is used in large generating
stations where several units
are installed.
► The bus bar is divided in to
two sections connected by a
circuit breaker.
► If fault occurs on any section
of the bus bar, that section is
isolated without affecting the
supply to other sections.
Double bus bar arrangement:
► This system is costlier than a
single bus bar system.
► One bus can be serves as a
reserve, which is used during
the maintenance or fault
conditions’
► It is used for 220kv sub
stations.
Double bus bar with transfer bus:
► This system has
additional flexibility for BUS COUPLER
BAY
BY-PASS BAY FEEDER BAY GENERATORR
BAY
BUS - 1
operation.
► We can shut down on BC

breaker without BUS - 2

interrupting the
transmission line. TRANSFER BUS

► It is used for critical

GT
220kv sub stations.
G
One and half bus system:
► In this system three breakers
are used for two circuits.
► The loads are automatically
transferred to healthy bus
from faulty bus without
interruption of circuit.
► It is important for 400kv sub
stations where higher flexibility
is required.
Insulators:
► These provides necessary insulation
between line conductors and supports and
thus prevent the leakage of current from
conductors to earth.
► Materials used for insulators:
► Ceramic(porcelain,steatite)
► Glass
► Synthetic resins.
Properties of insulators:
► High electrical resistance.
► High mechanical strength to with stand
conductor load, wind load etc.,
► High relative permittivity of insulator
material.
► It should be non porous and free from
impurities and cracks.
► High ratio of puncture strength to flash
over.
Types of insulators:

►Pin type insulators. ►Suspension type insulators.

Conductor and Accessories:
► Conductor consists of several strands wound in layers
spiraled along the length of conductor.
► The total number of individual strands “N” is given by
N=3n^2+3n+1 where n=no of layers
 Diameter of conductor=(2n+1)*d
where ‘d’ is diameter of strand’
 The conductors used are:
AAAC – All Aluminium Alloy conductor
ACSR – Aluminium conductor steel reinforced
AACSR- Aluminium alloy conductor steel reinforced
Clamps and Connectors:
Circuit Breakers:
► These are switching devices, design to close or open an
electrical circuit under normal or abnormal conditions.
► Types based on interrupting medium;
Air blast circuit breaker
Air break circuit breaker
Bulk oil circuit breaker
Minimum oil circuit breaker
SF6 circuit breaker
Vacuum circuit breaker
► Types of operating mechanisms:
• Spring operating mechanism
• Pneumatic operating mechanism
• Hydraulic operating mechanism
• Pneumo spring mechanism
 245kv, type 200-SFM-40A, CGL make SF6 gas
circuit breaker:
 Features:
• Superior interrupting capability
• Low operation noise
• Simple construction and compact size
• Easy installation and maintenance
• High safety
► Cross section interrupting unit:
Technical particulars of 220kv circuit breakers:
Make :CGL
1. Applicable technical standards :IEC-56/1997
2. Rated Voltage (RMS) :245 KV
3. Rated Frequency :50Hz
4. Number of poles per breaker :3
5. Class (out door/indoor) :Out door
6. Rated normal current :2500 A
7. Rated short circuit breaking current
a) RMS value of AC component :40 KA
b) Percentage of DC component :50 %
c) Asymmetrical breaking current :49 KA
( including DC component )
8. Short time current rating for 3sec (RMS) :40KA
9. a)Rated short circuit making current (peak) :100KA
b)Rated short circuit breaking current :40 KA
10. Rated out of phase breaking current :10 KA
11. Rated operating sequence :0-0.3sec-CO-3min-CO
Operating mechanism :Motor wound spring
12. Type of closing mechanism :Spring
13. Type of tripping mechanism :Spring
14. A) Total creep age distance to ground. :7595 mm
b) Creep age factor for the porcelains :Equal to or less than 4
c) Profile factor for the porcelains :Above 0.7
 Instrument Transformer:
• Transformers used in conjunction with measuring
instrument.
• These are used for measuring voltage and current
in electrical power systems and for power system
protection and control.

 Types:
• Current Transformer
• Potential Transformer
 Current Transformer
 Used for measuring high value
currents.
 Designed to provide a current
in its secondary coil
proportional to current flowing
in its primary coil.
 Primary winding consists of
very few turns.
 Secondary winding consists of
large no. of turns.
 Current to be measured is
passes through primary
winding.
 Out look of C.T:

 Primary current is dependent

upon the load connected to the
system.
 Secondary winding is short
circuited with
the help of an ammeter.
 It steps down the current to
level of ammeter.
 Secondary winding is nearly
short circuited.
 Secondary winding consists of more no. of cores.
 One is used for metering purpose and other cores are
protection purpose.
 In metering core the fault current is measured so
secondary current rating is more.
 Potential Transformer:

 Used for the

measurement of high
voltages.
 Primary winding is
connected to voltage
to be measured.
 Voltmeter is
connected across the
secondary winding.
 The design of potential transformer is
quite similar to that of power transformer.
 The normal secondary voltage rating is
110v.
 The output of a potential is always small
and the size is quite large.
 The core may be of shell or core type of
construction
Protection of potential transformers:

 Itcan be continuously operated at 1.2 times

the rated voltage.
 Short circuit on the secondary side of a
potential transformer can lead to complete
damage of the transformer.
 Fuses are used in the secondary side to
protect the P.T. against faulty switching and
defective earthing.
Surge arrestor:
► Itis a protective device which conducts the high
voltage surges on the power systems to the
ground.
► Types :
► Rod gap arrestor
► Horn gap arrestor
► Multi gap arrestor
 Expulsion type arrestor
 Valve type arrestor
► Basic construction:
► It consists of a spark gap in series with a
non linear resistor.
► One end of the arrestor is connected to the
equipment to be protected and other end is
effectively grounded.
► The length of gap is set that normal line
voltage is not enough to cause an arc.
► The property of the non linear is that its
resistance decreases as the voltage
increases and vice versa.
Metal oxide surge arrestor:
► It is also known as the
zinc oxide surge arrestor.
► It is well accepted as
voltage clippers for
effective protection
against over voltages.
► It protects the costly
outdoor electrical
equipments from over
voltages.
► The striking aspect of this
arrestor is its simplicity of
construction.
Features:
► Higher duty capability.
► Better protection level.
► Superior performance against pollution.
► Excellent energy dissipation capability.
► High surge stability.
► High thermal stability.
Conclusion:
► Thisproject OVERALL VIEW OF 220KV
SWITCH YARD IN Dr.NTTPS is constructed
in such a way that every one understand
about the construction and working of 220
kv switch yards and its equipments.