Infinite Series of Constant Terms

Infinite Series of Positive Terms

ADVANCED CALCULUS II
by: Remalyn Quinay-Casem
 Infinite Series

Start with a square one

unit by one unit: 1
1
1 32 64

8 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
        1 16 1
2 4 8 16 32 64 2
1
This is an example of an 4
infinite series.


 Infinite Series

In an infinite series: a1  a2  a3    an     ak
k 1

a1, a2,… are terms of the series. an is the nth term.

n
Partial sums: S1  a1 S n   ak
k 1
S 2  a1  a2
S3  a1  a2  a3 nth partial sum

n

Start with a square one
unit by one unit: 1
1
1 32 64

8 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
        1 16 1
2 4 8 16 32 64 2
1
This is an example of an 4
infinite series.

1
The sum of the series is 1.

This series converges (approaches a limiting value.)

1 1 1 1 1
Many series do not converge:        
1 2 3 4 5 
 
In an infinite series: a1  a2  a3    an     ak
k 1

a1, a2,… are terms of the series. an is the nth term.

n
Partial sums: S1  a1 S n   ak
k 1
S 2  a1  a2
S3  a1  a2  a3 nth partial sum

If Sn has a limit as n   , then the series converges,

otherwise it diverges.


 Example 1

Determine if the infinite series has a sum.

 
1

n 1
an  
n 1 n n  1
 a1  a2  a3  ...

1 1
s1  a1  
1(1  1) 2
1 1 1 1 2
s2  s1  a2     
2 2(2  1) 2 6 3
2 1 2 1 3
s3  s2  a3     
3 3(3  1) 3 12 4

 Example 1
1
ak  By partial fraction, we get
k (k  1)
1 1 1
ak    Therefore,
k (k  1) k k  1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a1  1  a2   a3   an  
2 2 3 3 4 n n 1
Hence,

 1 1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1 
sn  1            ...      
 2  2 3 3 4  n 1 n   n n 1

 Example 1
From

 1 1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1 
sn  1            ...      
 2  2 3 3 4  n 1 n   n n 1
By combining terms,

 1 1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1 
sn  1            ...      
 2  2 3 3 4  n 1 n   n n 1
we obtain

sn  1 
1
n 1
 1 
limit sn  limit 1  n  1 
n   n  
1
Therefore, the series has a sum equal to 1.

 Definitions

Let a
n 1
n denote a given infinite series for which snt
is the sequence of partial sums.
If the limit of sn n→∞ exists and is equal to S,
as
then the series is convergent and S is the sum of the
series.
If the limit of sn n→∞ does not exist, then the
as
series is divergent and the series does not have a
sum.


 Examples
Determine if the following series is convergent or
divergent. If it converges determine its value.


n
n 1
 1  2  3  ... diverges


1 1 1 1

n2 n  1
2
    ... converges
3 8 15
3
4
 n

   1
n 0
 1  1  1  1  ... diverges


1 1 1 1 3

n 1 3
n 1  1    ... converges
3 9 27 2 
 Examples
Determine the limit as n goes to infinity of the series terms
(not the partial sums)


 n n 1
 1  2  3  ... diverges


1 1 1 1
0 
n2 n  1
2
    ... converges
3 8 15
3
4
 n

   1
does not exist
n 0
 1  1  1  1  ... diverges


1 1 1 1 3
0  n 1  1    ... converges
n 1 3 3 9 27 2 
 Theorem 1 – Zero Limit Test


If the infinite series a
n 1
n is convergent, then limit an  0
n  

Facts:
divergence test
The converse of the theorem is not necessarily true.


limit
If n
an  0
(or does not exist), then 
n 1
a n diverges.

one-way
limit an  0
It is possible to have a divergent series for which n

1 1 1 1 1

n 1 n
 1     ...   ... harmonic series.
2 3 4 n

 Example 2

Show that the following series is divergent.


n2  1 5 10 17

n 1 n 2  2     ...
4 9 16

n2  1 1
limit n 2  limit 1  n 2
n   n  
1


 Example 3

Show that the following series is divergent.

 n 1

   1
n 1
3  3  3  3  3  ...

limit   1 n 1
3 does not exist.
n  


 Example 4

Show that the following series is divergent.


2n  1 5 10 17

n 1 3n  2
 2     ...
4 9 16

2n  1 2 1 n 2
limit 3n  2  limit 3  2 n 
n   n   3


 Example 4

Determine if the following series is convergent or divergent.


4n 2  n 3

n 0 10  2 n 3

4n 2  n 3 1
limit 10  2n 3  
n  0 2 divergent series


 Geometric Series

In a geometric series, each term is found by multiplying

the preceding term by the same number, r. 
a  ar  ar 2  ar 3    ar n 1     ar n 1
n 1
a
This converges to if r  1, and diverges if r  1.
1 r

1  r  1 is the interval of convergencea. 1  r

The partial sum of a geometric series is: Sn 
 n

1 r
0
a  1 r n
 a
If r  1 then lim 
n  1 r 1 r 
 Example 5
3 3 3 3
    
10 100 1000 10000

.3  .03  .003  .0003    .333...

1

3
3 3
a 3 1
10  10  
1 9 9 3
1 r
10 10

 Example 6
1 1 1
1     
2 4 8

1 a 1 1 2
  
 1  1 3 3
1    1
 2 2 2
r


 Theorem 2

 

If a
n 1
n converges and its sum is S, then  ca
n 1
n also
converges and its sum is c∙S.

 

If a n diverges, then  ca
n 1
n also diverges.
n 1

c≠0


 Example 7
Show that each of the following series are divergent.

 
5 5 5 5 1

n 1 n
 5     ...  5 divergent
2 3 4 n 1 n


 Theorem 3

 

If a
n 1
n and b n are convergent whose sums are S
n 1
and T, respectively, then



a
n 1
n  bn  is convergent and its sum is S + T,



a
n 1
n  bn  is convergent and its sum is S – T.


 Theorem 4

 

If a
n 1
n

is convergent and  b
n 1
n is divergent, then
I  a
n 1
n  bn 
is divergent.

 

If a
n 1
n b
andn 1 n are series differing

only in their first m terms, then either both

converge or both diverge.


 Definition



The a
n 1
n is called positive series if every
term an is positive.

Theorem 5

An infinite series of positive terms is convergent iff its

sequence of partial sums has an upper bound.


 Theorem 6 – Integral Test

Let f be a function that is continuous,

decreasing and positive valued for all x 1 .
Then the infinite series


 f (n)  f (1)  f (2)  f (3)  ...  f (n)  ...

n 1

is convergent if the improper integral  a f ( x) dx
1
b
limit
exists, and it is divergent
b if
 
1
f ( x) dx .  .


 Example 8
Determine if the following series is convergent or divergent.


1

n 2 n ln n

1
f ( x) 
x ln x

 1
2 x ln x
dx   divergent


 Example 9
Determine if the following series is convergent or divergent.



 ne
n 0
n2

 x2
f ( x)  xe

 1

 x2
xe dx  convergent
0 2


 FACT – p Series Test

1
 p
If k>0 then n k n converges if p>1 and diverges
if p≤1


 Theorem 7 – Comparison Test


Let a
n 1
n be a positive series.



If v
n 1
n is a convergent positiveseries, and an  vn

for all positive integers n, then
a
n 1
n
is

convergent.


If w
n 1
n is a divergent positive series,

and an  wn

for all positive integers n, then

 a
n 1
n
is divergent.


 Example 10
Determine if the following series is convergent or divergent.


n

n 1 n 2
 cos 2
 n
n 1
2

n n

n 1
 divergent
n  cos  n  n
2 2


 Theorem 8 – Limit Comparison Test
 
an 1
Let  an and  bn be a positive series. cc  limit
limitann n
 b
n 1 n 1 nn b
an
If limit  c  0 , then the two series either both
n   b
n

converge or both diverge.

 
an
If limit  0 and if  bn converges, then a n
n   b
n n 1 n 1

converges.
 
an
limit
If n  b   and if 
n 1
bn diverges, then a n
n n 1

diverges. 
 Example 11
Determine if the following series is convergent or divergent.


1

n 0 3 n
n

1

n 0 3 n

1 3n  n n 1
c  limit n  limit 1  n  1  limit n 1
n   3 1 n   3 n   3 ln 3


 Theorem 9



If a
n 1
n is a given convergent positive series,

its terms can be grouped in any manner, and

the resulting series also will be convergent and

will have the same sum as the given series.


 Theorem 10



If a
n 1
n is a given convergent positive series,

the order of the terms can be rearranged, and

the resulting series also will be convergent and

will have the same sum as the given series.


End of Presentation