DEE10013

MEASUREMENT DEVICES
 TOPIC 3
OSCILLOSCOPE AND SIGNAL GENERATOR
(06 : 00)
 LEARNING OUTCOME

i. Remember parts and functions of oscilloscope.

ii. Apply basic control functions of analogue and
digital oscilloscope in measuring voltage, time
and phase angle.
iii. Remember basic function of signal generator
iv. Apply basic function of signal generators as
signal source to a circuit
 Basic functions of analogue and digital
Oscilloscope

Oscilloscope is a device that allows the

amplitude of electrical signals, whether they be
voltage, current , power, etc., to be displayed
primarily as a function of time (the basic
instrument for the study all types of waveforms).
• An oscilloscope (sometimes abbreviated as
“scope”) is a voltage sensing electronic
instrument that is used to visualize certain
voltage waveforms.
• An oscilloscope can display the variation of a
voltage waveform in time on the oscilloscope’s
screen
 Oscilloscope divide by two types
Digital Oscilloscope known as
Digital Storage Oscilloscope
Analogue
(DSO)
Oscilloscope known
as Cathode Ray
Oscilloscopes (CRO).

6
 Main Basic Function Of Oscilloscope

i. Measure AC/DC voltage

ii. Measure AC/DC current
iii. Measure the time and frequency
iii. Measure the phase differential between
two waveforms
 
 Advantages and disadvantages of
analogue and digital Oscilloscope
Digital Oscilloscope
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
High-accuracy measurements Can be more costly
Display storage Can be less intuitive to operate
(because they typically have more
features)
Bright, well-focused display at virtually
any sweep speed
Automatic measurements
Computer, printer/plotter connectivity
Waveform processing capability
including waveform math functions
Self-calibration
 Analog Oscilloscope

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Familiar controls Low accuracy
Instantaneous display updating for Display flicker and/or dim display
real-time adjustments

Direct, dedicated controls for often No pre-trigger viewing capability

used adjustments like vertical
sensitivity, time base speed, trace
position and trigger level low cost.

Limited bandwidth
Higher cost of ownership
Limited measurement capability
Oscilloscope Probe
Retractable Hook Tip

Marker Ring

Adjustment Tool

IC Protector Tip

BNC Connector

Aligator Clip
(Ground Lead)

10
• Oscilloscope shows the potential difference between
the two terminals of the probe.
• The terminal ending with a hook probe is usually
connected to the node in the circuit whose voltage is of
interest.
• The other terminal is usually connected to the ground.
• The probes are attached to input channels of the
oscilloscope.
• Most oscilloscopes have at least two input channels and
each channel can display a waveform on the screen.
• Multiple channels are useful for comparing waveforms
 Calibration Oscilloscope
Step to calibration process
1. Switch on the OSC
2. Put the probe to the INPUT
3. Touch the hook tip (probe) to the CAL and crocodile clip
(probe) to the GROUND
4. Make sure the selection MODE same with the input
5. Select VOLT/DIV same with the value at CAL
6. Select TIME/DIV : 0.5ms ----- it will get F = 1kHz
7. At Screen : the waveform appear is square wave
Connection for calibrate
oscilloscope
Check the shape of the displayed Waveform

Correctly Compensated

• Calibration must be square wave

• Volt/div
– Depend on value of “CAL” on osc
• Time/div
– Must be 0.5ms to get Freq. = 1KHz

14
. • A poorly adjusted probe can make your
measurements less accurate.
• The figure shows what happens to measured
waveforms when using a probe not properly
compensated
 Basic control functions of
analogue and digital oscilloscope
in measuring voltage, time and
phase angle
 ANALOG Display Control Triggering Control

OSCILLOSCOPE

Vertical Control
Horizontal Control
 DIGITAL
OSCILLOSCOPE Vertical Control Triggering Control

Display Control Horizontal Control

• The front panel of an oscilloscope is divided
into four main section labeled :
 Display Control

 Vertical Control,

 Horizontal Control

 Trigger Control
• When using an oscilloscope, we need to adjust three basic
setting to accommodate an incoming signal:
– The attenuation or amplification of the signal
• Use volt/div control to adjust the amplitude of the signal
to desired measurement range.
– The time base
• Use time/div control to set the amount of the time per
division represented horizontally across the screen
– The triggering of the oscilloscope
• Use the trigger level to stabilize a repeating signal, or to
trigger on a signal event.
 Display Control
• An oscilloscope’s front panel include a display screen
and the knobs, buttons, switches, and indicators used
to control signal display.
• As mentioned at the front of this section, front-panel
controls are usually divided into vertical, horizontal
and trigger section.
• Its also includes input connector.
Function of Display Controls

1) POWER SWITCH ON/OFF

• To indicate the power on & off. When the equipment is turn
on, green light will appear
2) POWER LAMP
• This LED lamp lights when power is turned on
3) INTENSITY KNOB
• It can control the brightness of the spot or trace.
4) FOCUS KNOB
• To make the signal (trace) displayed more sharp (to clearest
line trace)
5) SCALEILLUM KNOB
• This is used to adjust scale brightness. If this knob is turned
clockwise, brightness is increased.

6) CAL. 0.5V/2V TERMINAL

• To calibrate the output with 0.5V/2V and 1 KHz rectangular
wave (squarewave) or for calibrating probes

7) GND TERMINAL
• This is a grounding terminal
 Vertical Control
• Vertical controls can be used to position and
scale the waveform vertically.
• Also can be used to set the input coupling and
other signal conditioning.
Control Knob/button involve in Display Vertical are:
1) CH1/CH2 INPUT CONNECTOR
2) VOLTS/DIV SELECTOR SWITCH
3) VERTICAL POSITION
4) AC-GND-DC SWITCH
5) ADD SWITCH
6) INVERT SWITCH
7) MODE SELECTOR SWITCH
8) MATH MENU
 Function of Vertical Controls (both OSC)

1) CH1 / CH2 INPUT CONNECTOR

• This is a BNC connector used for vertical input
CH1 / CH2

2) VOLTS/DIV SELECTOR SWITCH

• Determine the voltage value corresponding to each vertical
division on the oscilloscope’s screen.
• As the volt/div value is alted, the size
of the waveform on the screen changes.

3) VERTICAL POSITION
• Used to move the CH1 or CH2 trace up
or down on the CRT screen
 Function of Vertical Controls (analog OSC)

4) AC-GND-DC SWITCH
• Select following input coupling options for CH1 and CH2
• AC: blocks dc signal component allowing only AC signal to
pass into attenuator
• GND: input signal is switch off and attenuator is grounded
• DC: dc coupling, all signal are directly connected to
attenuator

AC-GND-DC SWITCH
 Function of Vertical Controls (analog OSC)
5) ADD SWITCH
• The scope displays the algebraic sum of the CH1 and CH2 traces.

6) INVERT SWITCH
• The polarity of the CH2 signal is inverted

7) MODE SELECTOR SWITCH (VERTICAL MODE)

• Selects vertical axis operating mode
• CH1: only the signal applied to CH1 is displayed on the screen
• CH2: only the signal applied to CH2 is displayed on the screen
• DUAL: when both CH1 and CH2 buttons are pushed in, the
signals applied to CH1 and CH2 input are displayed on the screen
• ADD: display the algebraic sum of the CH1 and CH2 input voltage
 Function of Vertical Controls (digital OSC)

8) MATH MENU
• Displays waveform
math operations menu
and can also be used
to toggle the math
waveform on and off.
 Horizontal Control
• An oscilloscope’s horizontal system is most
closely associated with its acquisition of an
input signal (normally for digital oscilloscope)
– sample rate and record length are among
the considerations here.
• Horizontal controls are used to position and
scale the waveform horizontally.
 Function of Display Horizontal Control
Control Knob/button involve in Display Vertical are:

1) TIME/DIV
2) HORIZONTAL POSITION
3) PULL x10 MAG
4) X-Y
 Function of Horizontal Controls (analog OSC)

HORIZONTAL
 1) TIME/DIV. POSITION

adjusts the horizontal scale of

channel 1 and channel 2. Selects
scale from range of 0.05µs/div to
2s/div in 23 calibrated steps

2) HORIZONTAL POSITION.
TIME/DIV
This control adjust the
position of the trace from left to
right
 Function of Horizontal Controls (analog OSC)

3) PULL x10 MAG. To expend the

horizontal deflection by 10 times,
thus increasing horizontal sensitivity
by 10 times for X-Y operation, and
increasing the effective sweep speed
by 10 times.
4) X-Y. Displays the CH1 and CH2 input
signal as an X, Y graph. The vertical
deflection signal is applied to the
CH1 input and the horizontal
deflection signal is applied to the
CH2 input.
 
 Function of Horizontal Controls (digital OSC)

• POSITION. Adjusts the horizontal position of

all channel and math waveforms. The
resolution of this control varies with the time
base setting

• HORIZ MENU. Displays the Horizontal

Menu.
• SET TO ZERO. Sets the horizontal position to
zero.
• SEC/DIV. Selects the horizontal time/div
(scale factor) for the main or the window time
base. When Window Zone is enabled, it
changes the width of the window zone by
changing the window time base.
 Trigger Control
• An oscilloscope’s horizontal function
synchronizes the horizontal sweep at the
correct point of the signal, essential for clear
signal characteristic.
• The trigger makes to stabilize repetitive
waveform and capture signal-shot waveform.
 Function of Trigger Control

Control Knob/button involve in Display Trigger

are:
1) TRIGGER SOURCE SELECTOR SWITCH
2) EXT INPUT
3) TRIG LEVEL KNOB
 Function of Triggering Controls (analog OSC)
 
1)TRIGGER SOURCE SELECTOR SWITCH
• INT: The input signal applied to CH1 or CH2 becomes
the trigger signal
• CH2: The input signal applied to CH2 becomes the
trigger signal
• LINE: The power line frequency becomes the trigger
signal source
• EXT: The external signal applied to EXT input becomes
the trigger signal. This is used when the trigger
signal is external the vertical input signal

2)EXT INPUT
• The input terminal for the external trigger signal
 Function of Triggering Controls (analog OSC)

 3) TRIG LEVEL KNOB

• This control sets the amplitude point on the trigger
waveform that will start the sweep.

4) HOLDOFF CONTROL
• Allow triggering on certain complex signals by changing
the holdoff (dead) time of main sweep.
 Function of Triggering Controls (digital OSC)
• LEVEL and USER SELECT. When you use an
Edge trigger, the primary function of the LEVEL
knob is to set the amplitude level the signal
must cross to cause an acquisition.
• SET TO 50%. The trigger level is set to the
vertical midpoint between the peaks of the
trigger signal.
• FORCE TRIG. Completes an acquisition
regardless of an adequate trigger signal. This
button has no effect if the acquisition is
already stopped.
• TRIG VIEW. Displays the trigger waveform in
place of the channel waveform while the TRIG
VIEW button is held down. You can use this to
see how the trigger settings affect the trigger
signal, such as trigger coupling
 Connecting the Function Generator to the
Oscilloscope

• Connect the alligator clip of the black lead

from the function generator to the alligator
clip of the black lead from the oscilloscope
• Do the same with the red lead
A block diagram of the connection between the oscilloscope
and signal generator is simple
 Measurement techniques
• The major concern in observing a signal on the
oscilloscope screen is to make voltage and
time measurements
• The oscilloscope screen is partitioned into the
grids, which divides both the horizontal
axis(voltage) and the vertical axis(time) into
divisions which will be helpful in making the
measurements.
Figure : Oscilloscope Screen
The graticule is
a grid of lines
that serves as
a scale when
making time
and amplitude
measurements
with an
oscilloscope.

Voltage and time is determined by

using grids on the display each square Division
on the grid is called a division.
 AC Measurement
• The fundamental parameters associated with
a AC signal are :
 Voltage Peak-to-peak (Vp-p)
 Voltage Peak (Vp)
 Voltage RMS (root mean square, Vrms)
 Periodic Time (T)
 Frequency (f)
 Phase Shift ()
Vpeak to peak
Amplitude / Voltage Measurement
• Peak-to-peak voltage, VPP,
– Is a voltage waveform which is
measured from the top of the
waveform, called the crest, all the
way down to the bottom of the
waveform, called the trough

• Peak voltage
– Is the voltage from the 0
reference line to the positive
peak of the voltage waveform.
– Therefore, the peak voltage is
exactly half of the peak-to-peak
voltage waveform.
 • Voltage Root-mean-square
– The peak amplitude is equal
to approximately 1.414
times the root-mean-square
amplitude
– RMS is less than Peak
 

– This is because the

oscilloscope measures peak
  values and the meter
measures RMS values.
 
 

   

(Unit : V)
49
 Example Amplitude Measurement
Vrms=0.707Vp Voltage Peak, Vp
 
(3div)
 
GND
 

Voltage Peak to Peak, Vpp RMS Voltage, Vrms

 
 

   
 
 
 Frequency & Time Measurement
• Time, T
– time measurements using the
T horizontal scale of the oscilloscope
– The time is measure for 1 cycle
signal and called its Time period, T
– We can count 1 cycle from zero up to
positive cycle to negative cycle until
to the crosssection at zero volt.
one cycle
– Another method to count 1 cycle is
from left peak to the right peak.

• Frequency, f
– Osc can measure frequency through
measuring time.
– the frequency is given by the
reciprocal of Time period , 1/T
 T

one cycle

 
(Unit : Hz)

 
(Unit : s)
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 Example Time Period
Calculate the time period of the sinusoidal signal in
Figure 3.16 if the oscilloscope time/div. is set to 10ms/div.

Solution: (4div)

The calculation for Time period (T),

 

 
 Phase Measurement
• Two method to measure Phase Different/Phase Angle/phase
shift by using:
2 Signal in Dual Mode Lissajous Pattern in XY mode

Figure 21: Two Signals Displayed in Figure 22: Phase Difference

DUAL Mode Calculation in XY Mode 54
Phase Different, in Dual Mode
 
(Unit : degree)

 
(Unit : radians)

55
 Example 1 Phase Measurement
• calculate the phase shift, if the oscilloscope
setting is Volt/Div : 100mV/Div, Time/Div :
0.5ms/Div

  ∆𝑡 0
𝜃= × 360
𝑇
  2 0 0
𝜃= ×360 =102.86
2 Div 7
7 Div
 Phase Different in XY Mode
(Lissajous figure)

A B

A = peak to peak vertical height of the ellipse

B = is the intercept on the Y-axis
57
• Figure 23 shows typical graphs in XY mode
corresponding to different values of phase
difference.

Figure 23: The Graphs in XY Mode for

Different Phase Difference Values
 Example 2 Phase Measurement
• Based on figure 2e, if A = 1.8cm, B = 2.3cm, what is
the phase angle
Solution :
  𝐴
A
( )
𝑃h𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 , 𝜃=𝑆𝑖𝑛 −1
𝐵
B   1.8
𝑃h𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 , 𝜃=𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( )
−1 0
=51.5
2.3
 Basic Function Of Signal Generator
Front panel of a signal generator
Frequency Selection Group Waveform Group

DC Offset
Group Amplitude Modulation Group Output Group
• A function generator produces different waveforms
[produce alternating current (ac) ] of adjustable
frequency.
• The common output waveforms are the sine, square,
triangular and saw tooth waves.
• Used to test and align all circuits.
• They are also used to troubleshoot various electronic
devices and to measure frequency.
 Function Button Group
1. Power Switch
• The power switch applies power to the
function generator.
2. Power On Indicator
• A light emitting diode (LED) is used to
indicate when power is applied to the
function generator.
3. Frequency selection Group
– Consist of :
• Frequency range (3)
– To set the frequency required
– (1, 10, 100, 1K, 10K, 100K, 1M Hz)

• Frequency selector (5)

– Time (x) the value of the frequency range with
frequency selector to get the frequency required.

– To get the desire frequency, frequency selector

must be multiply with frequency range
4. Amplitude Modulation Group
– Consist of :
• Amplitude Knob (9)
– To increase the amplitude of signal, this button should be
adjust.
– Turn clockwise to increase the value and anticlockwise to
decrease the value (mV)

5. Waveform Group
– Consist of :
• Waveform Selector (4)
– To choose type of waveforms
– Either sine wave, rectangular or triangle
6. DC Offset Group
– Consist of :
• Offset ADJ (8)
– A DC Offset control is provided to allow the DC level of the
output waveform to be set as desire.
• Duty control (6)
– To symmetry of the output waveforms

7. Waveform Group
– Consist of :
• Waveform Selector (4)
– To choose type of waveforms
– Either sine wave, rectangular wave or triangle wave
8. Output Group
– Consist of :
• Output 50Ω (11)
– Squarewave, trianglewave, sinewave, ramp and pulse
waveform is provided . Used BNC connectors.

9. Sweep Group (Only Digital Function Generator)

– Sweep is used to set the frequency output.
– It could be swept up or down in frequency using
linear or log sweeps.
Connection Signal Generators As Signal
Source To Circuit
 Tutorial 1
• The waveform shown below is observed on the
screen of an oscilloscope. If the vertical attenuation
is set at 0.5mV/Div and time/div control is set at 2µs,
determine the:
a) Peak to peak voltage, Vpp (ans:3.7mVp-p)
b) Peak voltage, Vp (ans:1.85mVp)
c) Time 1 cycle, T (ans:14µs)
d) Frequency of the signal, F
(ans:71.43KHz)
e) Phase angle (ans:102.86o)
 Tutorial 2

Volt/Div : 2V/Div
Time/Div : 0.5ms/div

i. The peak voltage of the waveform (ans : 4Vp)

ii. The peak-to-peak voltage of the waveform (ans : 8Vp-p)
iii. The time period of the waveform (ans : 2mS)
iv. The frequency of the waveform (ans : 500Hz)
 Tutorial 3

3.8

3.8

Based on the wave diagram (figure 2d), calculate listed below, if

the oscilloscope setting is Volt/Div : 100mV/Div, Time/Div :
0.5ms/Div
i. Peak voltage (ans : 0.76Vp)
ii. Peak to peak voltage (ans : 1.52Vp-p)
iii. Time (ans : 4ms)
iv. Frequency (ans : 250Hz)
v. Phase Shift (ans : 90o)