INTRODUCTION TO THERMODYNAMICS

Applied Thermodynamics is the Science of the inter-relationship between Heat, Work and Properties of
Systems. It is concerned with the means necessary to convert heat energy from available sources such as
chemical fuel or nuclear piles into mechanical work.

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This is the transformation of work and heat in relation to the properties of matter on 




basis.

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This is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with the 


behaviour of matter consequent to
the transformation of work and heat.

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Thermodynamics does not concern itself with rate process within a given system rather it looks at the
g
 gein properties of matter as it goes in and out of a system or what happens before and after a
system have undergone a process.
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In Science a type of question often asked is how much? How big? In order to answer such questions it is
important to have systems of measurement which are consistent and understood by all.

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Dimension is a property that can be measured such as distance, time, mass, temperature, speed, e.t.c

 
A unit is a basic division of a measure quantity and it enables one to say how much of the quantity we have.

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A set of Fundamental Unit is a set of units for physical quantities from which every other unit can be
generated. There are seven basic fundamental Units in the field of Science and Engineering. The units are
listed below;

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Derived Units are units that are defined by reference to combinations of the Fundamental units.
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There are seven basic fundament units in the field of Science and Engineering.:

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A system of unit is a set of Fundamental units defined for the purpose of measuring all necessary
physical quantities.

There are two major systems of units

1. Metric System
2. British Imperial System

S.I. unit will be used throughout in this course. S.I. unit is The International System of Units.
Adopted by the General Conference of weight and measures in 1960 and consequently endorsed
by the International Organization for Standardization. It is a Úee e In a Coherent
System, all derived unit quantities are formed by the product or quotient of other unit quantities.
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The following Fundamental Thermodynamic Concepts to be considered in

this course at this level are:

· Systems
· Control Volume
· Properties and State of a System
· Thermodynamic Process
· Heat
· Work
· Pressure
· Temperature
· Zerothe Law
 
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· A system may be defined as a region
in space containing a quantity of
matter whose behaviour is being
investigated. This quantity of matter
is separated from its surrounding by a
boundary which may be a physical
boundary e.g. wall of a vessel.
Surroundings
A system may be defined as a collection
of matter within a prescribed and
identifiable boundary.
The boundaries are not necessarily
inflexible while surrounding is restricted
to those portion of matter external to the
system which are affected by change
occurring within the system




Boundary
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Thermodynamic systems can be classified into two basic: Closed System and
Open System

. Closed System . Open System

It is one in which there is no mass An open system is one in which there is a

transfer across the boundaries. e.g transfer of mass of the working substance
Combustion chamber of an Internal across the boundaries. e.g. In a gas
combustion engine. It is a system of turbine.
fixed mass and identity whose
boundaries are determined by the
space of the matter occupied in it. Outlet
Inlet
Turbine
Turbine

Boundary
  


· A control volume is defined as a fixed region in space where

one studies the masses and energies crossing the boundaries
of the region.

· The concept of a control volume is very useful in analyzing

fluid flow problems.

Control Volume

1 2
  
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All the quantities that identify the State of a system are called jee
It is classified into two general groups; Extensive and Intensive Properties

·   j   ·   j  

The Properties of the system, whose The Properties of the system, whose
value for the entire system is equal to value for the entire system is not
the sum of their values for the equal to the sum of their values for
individual parts of the system are the individual parts of the system are
called exe e ee eg total called  e e ee e.g.
volume, total mass and total energy of temperature, pressure and density
a system are its extensive properties.
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In all problems in Applied Thermodynamics we are concerned with energy transfers to or

from a system. The  e euwhen the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium) is
the condition of the system at any particular moment which can be identified by the statement
of its properties, such as pressure, volume, temperature e.t.c. The number of properties
required to describe the system depends upon the nature of the system.

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When a system passes through the
continuous series of equilibrium states
during a change of state ufrom the initial
state to the final state), then it is known as
the  
 ge of State.
 
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· When a system changes its state from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium
state, then the path of successive state through which the system has passed is
known as e 

e

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When a process or processes are performed on a system in such a way that the
final state is identical with the initial state, it is known as a e 



e





e
 

· Heat is a form of energy which is transferred from one body to another body at a lower temperature , by
virtue of the temperature difference between the bodies.

Surroundings
·

Thermal
A B Insulator

· For example when a body A at a certain temperature, say 50°C, is brought into contact with a body B at a high
temperature, say 55°C, then there will be a transfer of heat from B to A until the temperature of A are equal.

· When the temperature of A is the same as the temperature of B, no heat transfer takes place between the bodies and
they are said to be in e
eq 
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· Heat is a form of transient energy which can be identified only when it crosses the boundary of a system. It exist
only during transfer of energy into and out of a system.

· Êe 
 eee
   e  ee 

· The heat flowing into a system is considered as positive and heat flowing out of a system is considered negative

· Heat can be transferred in three distinct ways, i.e. conduction, convection and radiation

· S.I unit for heat is the Joule.

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· Mechanical work is defined as the product of a forceuF) and the distance u
)
moved in the direction of the force.

W=Fx

· Work done by the system on its surrounding is considered as e

while work on the system by its surrounding is considered as eg e

· Work is observed to be energy in transition. It is never contained in a body or

possessed by a body.

· S.I unit of work is Nm = 1J

  


 

  
System

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· !§ · Work done by the fluid on the piston is given

by;
· dW = F x d

P x A x d

where A is the area of the piston



A x d

F 


dW = Pdv

 work done by the expanding fluid is;

Work done at moving boundary in a

Piston-Cylinder
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A cylinder contains a given mass of gas at an initial state P1 and V1. Calculate
the work done through the piston under the following conditions:

i. The gas expands steadily as a result of the transfer

of heat constant at P1 while the final volume is V2;

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iii. The gas in the cylinder is heated in such a manner

that P1V1n = PVn = Constant and the final volume
is V2.

!j   j Ú

ii. The gas in the cylinder is heated in such a manner
that P1V1 = P2V2 = PV = Constant. The final
Volume is V2.

· !  j   


j  j  j  

j  
 iv. Work done at constant volume
V1 = V2 = V

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When the process is carried out in such a way that at every instant, the system derivation from the
thermodynamics equilibrium is infinitesimal, then the process is known as Quasi-Static or Quasi-equilibrium
Process and each state in the process may be considered as an equilibrium state.
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  2) Similarities between Heat & work

1) Thermodynamic Processes are; i) Heat and Work are both transient phenomena.
The systems do not possess heat or work.
· Cyclic Process
ii) Heat and Work are boundary phenomena .
· Isobaric Process
They are observed at the boundary of the
· Isothermal Process system.
· Isochoric Process
· Polytropic Process iii) Heat and Work represent the energy crossing
· Isentropic Process the boundary of the system.
· Adiabatic Process
iv) Heat and Work are path function and hence
they are inexact differentials. They are written
as įQ and įW
 
  
· M


· j