Cold Formed Steel Sections - Ii

COLD FORMED STEEL SECTIONS - II
©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG
1
COLD FORMED STEEL SECTIONS
 Introduction
 Design of axially compressed columns
Flexural Torsional buckling
Design for Combined bending and compression
Design of Tension members
 Design on the basis of testing
 Empirical methods
 Conclusion

2
INTRODUCTION
• Diversity of cold formed steel shapes and multiplicity
of purposes makes it a complex product
• Design of columns for axial compression,

compression combined with bending and flexural-
torsional buckling are discussed.
• Design procedures using prototype tests or empirical

rules are discussed in summary form.

3
Axially Compressed Columns
• local buckling under compressive loading is an
extremely important feature.
• a compressed plate element with an edge free to
deflect does not perform as satisfactorily as a
similar element supported along the two opposite
edges
• determination of effective area (Aeff) is the first
• step in analysing column behavior
the ultimate load (or squash load) of a short strut is
Pc s = Aeff . fyd = Q. A. fyd
Q = the ratio of the effective area to the total area of cross section
at yield stress
4
Axially Compressed Columns - 2
In long column with doubly - symmetric cross

section, the failure load depends on Euler buckling
resistance and the imperfections present .
The failure load is ,
Pc 
1
2
  P   1   P
cs EY    Pcs   1    PEY  2
 4 Pcs  PEY 
 e  e
where   0.002   20  , for  20
 ry  ry
 

 0 , for e  20
ry

5
Q = 1.0
1.0
Q = 0 .9
Q = 0 .8
Q = 0 .7
pc / fy Q = 0 .6
Q = 0 .5
Q = 0 .4
Q = 0 .3
20 40 80 120 160 200

e / ry
Column Strength (non- dimensional) for different

Q factors

6
• Effective Shift of Loading axis
Effective section
Load point Load point neutral axis
Neutral e
axis s
A B A B
a) Channel section (b) The move of the neutral axis (due to plate
loaded through its buckling) causes an eccentricity es and a
centroid
consequent moment P. es . This would
cause an additional compression on
flange
Effective shift in the AB axis in an axially
loading
compressed column

7
• If a section is not doubly symmetric and has a

large reduction of effective widths of elements,
then the effective section may be changed
position of centroid. This would induce bending
on an initially concentrically loaded section
• The ultimate load is evaluated by allowing for the
interaction of bending and compression using
the equation
Pc  M c
Pult 
M c  Pc .es

8
• Torsional - Flexural Buckling
• Singly symmetric columns may fail either

a) by Euler buckling about an axis perpendicular
to the line of symmetry
b) by a combination of bending about the axis of
symmetry and a twist
• Purely torsional and purely flexural failure does
not occur in a general case.

9
Position after
Flexural -
Torsional
buckling
Axis of symmetry  v
Original Shear centre

position
Column displacements during Flexural - Torsional buckling

10
• For sections with at least one axis of symmetry

(say x - axis) and subjected to flexural torsional
buckling , BS5950, Part 5 suggests that the
torsional flexural buckling load (in Newtons) of a
column , PTF
PTF 
1 

 PEX  PT    PEX  PT  2  4  PEX PT
2 
 1
2


where  2 EI x
PEX = 2
e

11
Torsional buckling load of a column ( in Newtons),

PT , given by
1  2 2
 E Γ 
PT   GJ  
r02  2 
 e 
2
 x0 
 is a constant given by   1   
 r0 
ro = polar radius of gyration about the shear centre
r0   rx2  ry2  x02  1

2

12
x0 is the distance from shear centre to the

centroid measured along the x axis (mm)
J St Venants' Torsion constant (mm4)
bt3
= 
3
 warping constant for all section.

13
• Torsion Behaviour
• Cold formed sections are mainly formed with

"open" sections and do not have high resistance
to torsion.
• The total torsion may be regarded as being made
up of two effects
-St. Venant's Torsion or Pure Torsion

-Warping torsion.

14
• St.Venant's torsion produces shear stresses.

• Warping torsion produces in-plane bending of the
elements of a cross section.
• Cold formed sections they have very little resistance

to St. Venant's Torsion
• Short beams with ends restrained exhibit high
resistance to warping torsion
• The resistance to warping torsion becomes low for
long beams with ends restrained

15
Combined Bending and Compression
• Compression members subjected to bending will have
to be designed considering the effects of interaction
• The following checks are suggested for members

which have at least one axis of symmetry:
(i) the local capacity at points of greatest

bending moment and axial load and
(ii) an overall buckling check.


16
Combined Bending and Compression- 2
• Local Capacity Check

Fc Mx My
   1
Pcs M cx M cy
Fc = applied axial load

Pcs = short strut capacity defined by Aeff.Pyd
Mx , M y = applied bending moments about x and y axis
Mcx = Moment resistance of the beam about x axis
in the absence of Fc and My
Mcy = Moment resistance of the beam about y axis
in the absence of Fc and Mx.
17
• Overall buckling check

For members not subject to lateral buckling, the
relationship to be satisfied is
Fc Mx My
  1
Pc  F   F 
Cbx  M cx  1  c  Cby  M cy  1  c 
 PEX   PEY 
For beams subject to lateral buckling, the following
relationship should be satisfied
Fc Mx My
  1
Pc Mb  F 
Cby  M cy  1  c 
 PEY 

18
where
Pc = axial buckling resistance in the absence
of moments
PEX, PEY = flexural buckling load in compression
for bending about the x- axis and for
bending about the y-axis respectively.
Cbx, Cby = Cb factors for moment variation about x
and y axis respectively.
Mb = lateral buckling resistance moment
about the x axis.

19
Tension Members
• a member connected in such a way as to eliminate
any moments due to connection eccentricity, may
be designed as a simple tension member
• The tensile capacity of a member (Pt) is evaluated
from
Pt = Ae . P y
• When a member is subjected to both combined
bending and axial tension, the capacity of the
member should be ascertained as
Ft Mx My
   1
Pt M cx M cy

20
Tension Members - 2
Mx
 1
M cx
My
 1
M cy
where Ft = applied load

Pt = tensile capacity

.


21
Design on the basis of Testing
• large variety of shapes and complex interactions make
it uneconomical to design members and systems
completely on theoretical basis
• ensure that the test set up reflects the in-service
conditions as accurately as possible.
• testing is probably the only realistic method of
assessing the strength and characteristics of
connections.
• there is a possibility that the tests giving misleading
information.
• testing by an independent agency is widely accepted
• the manufacturers provide load/span tables

22
Empirical Methods
• members such as Z purlins are sometimes
designed by time-tested empirical rules
• empirical rules are employed when
- theoretical analysis may be impractical or not justified
- prototype test data are not available
B
 B/5
Z Purlins t  L /45 
 L /60 
Z Purlins

23
Empirical Methods - 2
Empirical design rules for Z sections (BS 5950, Part 5 )
- overall depth should be greater than 100 t and not

less than L /45.
- overall width of compression flange / thickness
ratio should be less than 35
- Lip width should be greater than B /5
- Section Modulus ( W in kN and L in mm )
for simply supported purlins
for continuous or semi rigidly jointed purlins
WL
-

 cm 3
1400
WL
 cm 3
1800

24
The net allowable wind uplift in a direction normal
to roof when purlins are restrained is taken as 50%
of the (dead + imposed) load.

25
CONCLUSION
• A detailed discussion of design of elements made from
cold rolled steel
• The most striking benefits of all forms of light steel
framing are
 speed of construction
 ease of handling
 savings in site supervision
 elimination of wastage in site
 elimination of shrinkage and movement of cracks
 greater environmental acceptability
 less weather dependency
 high acoustic performance
 high degree of thermal insulation

26
Section Properties Calculation
PROBLEM 1
Analysis of effective section under compression
To illustrate the evaluation of reduced section

properties of a section under axial compression.

Section: 200  80  25  4.0 mm

Using mid-line dimensions for simplicity. Internal
radius of the corners is 1.5 t.

27
Effective breadth of web ( flat element )
h = B 2 / B1 = 60 / 180 = 0.33
76 60
15
4
200
180
196
6 mm
23 25
Mid-line 800
dimension Exact dimension

28
1.8 h
K1  7   1.43 h 3
0.15  h
1.8  0.33
 7   1.43  0.33 3
0.15  0.33
= 5.71
pcr = 185000 K1 ( t / b )2
= 521.7 N / mm2

29
f cr 240
  0.4  0.123
p cr   m 521.7  1.15
0.2
beff   f cr  
4
  1  14   0.35  
b    p cr   m   
 
0.2
  1  14 
4
0.4  0.35  0.983
 
or beff = 0.983  180 = 176.94 mm
Effective width of flanges ( flat element )
K2 = K1 h2 ( t1 / t2 )2

30
K2 = K1 h2 ( t1 / t2 )2
= K1 h2 (  t1 = t2 )
= 5.71  0.332 = 0.633 or 4 (minimum)
= 4
pcr = 185000  4  ( 4 / 60 )2 = 3289 N /mm2
fc 240
  0.063  0.123
p cr   m 3289  1.15
beff
 1
b
beff = 60 mm
31
Effective width of lips ( flat element)
K = 0.425 ( conservative for unstiffened elements)
pcr = 185000  0.425  ( 4 / 15 )2 = 5591 N /mm2
fc 240
  0.04  0.123
p cr   m 5591  1.15
beff
= 1
b
beff = 15 mm

32
Effective section in mid-line dimension
As the corners are fully effective, they may be included

into the effective width of the flat elements to establish
the effective section.
76 76
96.5
196
96.5
23 23
Gross Reduced
section section

33
The calculation for the area of gross section is tabulated
below:
Ai (mm2)
Lips 2 * 23 * 4 184
Flanges 2 * 76 * 4 608
Web 196 * 4 784
Total 1576
The area of the gross section, A = 1576 mm2
The calculation of the area of the reduced section is

tabulated below:

34
Ai (mm2)
Lips 2 * 15 * 4 = 120
Corners 4 * 45* 6 = 182.4
Flanges 2 * 60 * 4 = 480
Web 176 * 94 * 4 = 707.8
Total 1490.2
The area of the effective section , Aeff = 1490.2 mm2
Therefore, the factor defining the effectiveness of the

section under compression
Aeff 1490
Q    0.95
A 1576

35
The compressive strength of the member
= Q A fy / m
= 0.95  1576  240 / 1.15
= 313 kN

36
PROBLEM 2
ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVE SECTION UNDER BENDING
To illustrate the evaluation of the effective section modulus

of a section in bending.
We use section : 220  65  2.0 mm Z28 Generic lipped

Channel (from "Building Design using Cold Formed Steel
Sections", Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5, SCI
Publication P125)

37
Only the compression flange is subject to local
buckling.
Using mid-line dimensions for simplicity. Internal

radius of the corners is 1.5t.
55.08
63
10.04
210.08
220
218
15
14
65
Mid-line
Exact dimension
dimension

38
Thickness of steel(ignoring galvanizing),
t = 2 - 0.04 = 1.96 mm
Internal radius of the corners
= 1.5  2 = 3 mm
Limiting stress for stiffened web in bending

 D fy

p0   1.13  0.0019  py

 t 280 

and py = 280 / 1.15 = 243.5 N / mm2

39
 220 280  280
p0   1.13  0.0019  
 1.96 280  1.15
= 223.2 N / mm2
which is equal to the maximum stress in the compression

flange, i.e., fc = 223.2 N / mm2
Effective width of compression flange
h = B 2 / B1 = 3.8

40
1.4 h
K1  5.4   0.02 h 3
0.6  h
1.4  3.8
 5.4   0.02  3.8 3
0.6  3.8
= 3.08 or 4 ( minimum) = 4
2
 1.96 
pcr  185000  4     937 N / mm 2
 55.08 
fc 223.2
  0.24  0.123
pcr 937
0.2
beff   fc 
4

  1  14   0.35    0.998
b   pcr  

41
beff = 0.99  55 = 54.5
Effective section in mid-line dimension:
The equivalent length of the corners is 2.0  2.0 = 4 mm
The effective width of the compression flange = 54.5 + 2  4

= 62.5
31.2 31.2
y
218
Neutral axis of
Gross section
reduced section
14
63

42
The calculation of the effective section modulus is
tabulated as below:
Elements Ai yi(mm) Ai yi(mm3) Ig + Ai yi2
(mm2) (mm4)
Top lip 27.44 102 2799 448 + 285498
Compression 122.5 109 13352.5 39.2 + 1455422.5
flange
Web 427.3 0 0 1692171.2 + 0
Tension 123.5 -109 -13459.3 39.5 + 1467064
flange
Bottom lip 27.4 -102 -2799 448 + 285498
Total 728.2 -106.8 5186628.4

43
The vertical shift of the neutral axis is
 106 .8
y    0.15 mm
728.2
The second moment of area of the effective section is
Ixr = ( 5186628.4 + 728.2  0.152 )  10-4
= 518.7 cm4 at p0 = 223.2 N / mm2
or =
223.2  1.15
518.7   475.5 cm 4
at py = 280 / 1.15 N / mm2 280

44
The effective section modulus is,
475.5
Z xr   43.56 cm 3
 109  0.15
10

45
PROBLEM 3
Design a two span continuous beam of span 4.5 m subject to a
UDL of 4kN/m as shown in Fig.1.
6.5 kN/m
RA 4.5 m RB 4.5 m RC
Factored load on each span = 6.5  4.5 = 29.3 kN

46
Bending Moment
Two spans - 0.125 One span loaded

loaded 4 kN/m
4.5 m 4.5 m
1.25 0.375
0.375
0.625 -0.063
0.438
Coefficients for Reactions

47
Maximum hogging moment = 0.125  29.3  4.5 = 16.5 kNm
Maximum sagging moment = 0.096  29.3  4.5 = 12.7 kNm
Shear Force
Two spans loaded : RA = 0.375  29.3 = 11 kN
RB = 1.25  29.3 = 36.6 kN
One span loaded : RA = 0.438  29.3 = 12.8 kN

48
 Maximum reaction at end support, Fw,max = 12.8 kN
Maximum shear force , Fv,ma = 29.3 - 11 = 18.3 kN
Try 180  50  25  4 mm Double section ( placed back

to back)
180
6 mm
255
50 50

49
Material Properties : E = 205 kN/mm2
py = 240 / 1.15
= 208.7 N/mm2
Section Properties : t = 4.0 mm

D = 180 mm
ryy = 17.8 mm
Ixx = 2  518  104 mm4
Zxx = 115.1  103 mm3

50
Only the compression flange is subject to local buckling
Limiting stress for stiffened web in bending
 D fy 
p0   1.13  0.0019  py
 t 280 
and py = 240 / 1.15 = 208.7 N / mm2
 180 240 
p0   1.13  0.0019    208.7
 4 280 
= 219.3 N / mm2

51
which is equal to the maximum stress in the compression
flange, i.e.,
fc = 219.3 N / mm2
Effective width of compression flange
h = B2 / B1 = 160 / 30 = 5.3
1.4 h
K1  5.4   0.02 h 3
0.6  h
1.4  5.3 = 4
= 1.1 or 4 (minimum)
 5.4   0.02  5.33
0.6  5.3

52
2
 4 
pcr  185000  4     13155 N / mm 2
 30 
fc 219.3
  0.017  0.123
pcr 13155
beff
= 1
b
beff = 30 mm
i.e. the full section is effective in bending

53
Ixr = 2  518  104 mm4
Zxr = 115.1  103 mm3
Moment Resistance
The compression flange is fully restrained over the

sagging moment region but it is unrestrained over the
hogging moment region, that is, over the internal
support.
However unrestrained length is very short and lateral

torsional buckling is not critical.

54
The moment resistance of the restrained beam is:
Mcx= Zxr py
= 115.1  103 ( 240 / 1.15) 10-6 = 24 kNm > 16.5 kNm
O.K
Shear Resistance
Shear yield strength,
pv = 0.6 py = 0.6  240 /1.15 = 125.2 N/mm2

55
2 2
 1000 t   1000  4 
Shear buckling strength, qcr =  =  
 D   180 
= 493.8 N/mm2
Maximum shear force, Fv,max = 18.3 kN
Shear area = 180  4 = 720 mm2
Average shear stress fv = 18.3  10 3

< 2 q cr
 25.4 N / mm
720
O.K

56
Web crushing at end supports
Check the limits of the formulae
D 180
  45  200  O.K
t 4
r 6
  1.5  6  O.K
t 4
At the end supports, the bearing length, N is 50 mm

(taking conservatively as the flange width of a single
section)
For c=0, N/ t = 50 / 4 = 12.5 and restrained section .

57
C is the distance from the end of the beam to the load or
reaction.
Use
Pw  2  t C7
2
f
γm
y
 8.8  1.11 N
t

D
C7  1  t
750
45
 1   1.06
750
Pw  2  4 2  1.06 
240
1.15
 8.8  1.11 
12.5 10 3
 89.8 kN  RA   12.8 kN   O.K

58
Web Crushing at internal support
At the internal support, the bearing length, N, is 100mm

(taken as the flange width of a double section)
For c > 1.5D, N / t = 100 / 4 = 25 and restrained

section.
Pw  2
t C5 C6
fy
γm
 13.2  1.63 N
t

fy 240
k   0.92
228  γm 1.15  228

59
C5 = ( 1.49 - 0.53 k ) = 1.49 - 0.53  0.92
= 1.0 > 0.6
C6 = ( 0.88 - 0.12 m )
m = t / 1.9 = 4 / 1.9 = 2.1
C6 = 0.88 - 0.12  2.1 = 0.63
 Pw  2  4 2  1  0.63 
240
1.15

13.2  1.63 
25 10 3
= 89.8 kN > RB ( = 36 kN)

60
Deflection Check
3
A coefficient of 384 is used to take in account of
unequal loading on a double span. Total unfactored
imposed load is used for deflection calculation.
3 W L3
 max 
384 E I av
I xx  I xr 1036  1036
I av    1036  10 4 mm 4
2 2
W = 29.3 / 1.5 = 19.5 kN
3 19.5  10 3  45003
 max   6.53mm
384 205  10 3  1036  10 4

61
Deflection limit = L / 360 for imposed load
= 4500 / 360 = 12.5 mm > 6.53 mm

O.K
 In the double span construction :
Use double section 180  50  25  4.0 mm lipped

channel placed back to back.

62
THANK YOU

63

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COLD FORMED STEEL SECTIONS - II

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

• Design of columns for axial compression,

• Design procedures using prototype tests or empirical

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

In long column with doubly - symmetric cross

The failure load is ,

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

20 40 80 120 160 200

Column Strength (non- dimensional) for different

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

• Effective Shift of Loading axis

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

• If a section is not doubly symmetric and has a

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

• Torsional - Flexural Buckling

• Singly symmetric columns may fail either

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

Original Shear centre

Column displacements during Flexural - Torsional buckling

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

• For sections with at least one axis of symmetry

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

Torsional buckling load of a column ( in Newtons),

ro = polar radius of gyration about the shear centre

r0   rx2  ry2  x02  1

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

x0 is the distance from shear centre to the

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

• Cold formed sections are mainly formed with

-St. Venant's Torsion or Pure Torsion

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

• St.Venant's torsion produces shear stresses.

• Cold formed sections they have very little resistance

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

• The following checks are suggested for members

(i) the local capacity at points of greatest

(ii) an overall buckling check.

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

• Local Capacity Check

Fc = applied axial load

• Overall buckling check

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

where Ft = applied load

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

- overall depth should be greater than 100 t and not

- Section Modulus ( W in kN and L in mm )

for simply supported purlins

for continuous or semi rigidly jointed purlins

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

Analysis of effective section under compression

To illustrate the evaluation of reduced section

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –

Effective width of flanges ( flat element )

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures –