MATRIX ALGEBRA

Unit 4 IB SL Math
MATRIX: A rectangular
arrangement of numbers in This order of this matrix is a
rows and columns.
2 x 3.
The ORDER of a matrix is the
number of the rows and columns
columns.
The ENTRIES are the numbers
in the matrix.  6 2 1
2 0 5 
rows
 
8 1 3 (or square 9 5 7 0
0 0 2 
3x3
matrix) (Also called a row
 1 x 4 matrix)
 10 4  3

 2 0 4 6 3
1   9
 1 5 9 8  3x5 7
 7 3 2 7 6   
0
 
6
1  1 2x2
(or square
0 2  matrix) 4x1
 (Also called a
column matrix)
To add two matrices, they must have the same order. To
add, you simply add corresponding entries.

 5  3  2 1  5  (  2)  3  1 
 3  
 4    3 0    33 40 
 0 7   4  3   0  4 7  ( 3) 

 3  2
  0 4 
 4 4 
  8 0 1 3  1 7 5 2
5 4 2 9   5 3 
3 2
  

=
 55
8 (1) 07
43
1 5
23
3 2
9(2) 
=
 7
0 7
7
5
4 5
7

 To subtract two matrices, they must have the same order.
You simply subtract corresponding entries.

 9 2 4   4 0 7   94  2 0 4 7 
 5 0 6  1 5 4  
      51 0 5 6(4)
 1 3 8  2 3 2  1(2) 3 3 82 

 5 2  3

  4 5 10 
 3 0 6 
 2 4 3   0 1 8 
8  
0  7   3 1 1 
 
 1 5 0   4 2 7 

=
 2-0
8-3
1-(-4)
-4-1

5-2
3-8
0-(-1) -7-1
0-7

=
2
5
5
-5 -5

3
1 -8
-7

In matrix algebra, a real number is often called a SCALAR. To
multiply a matrix by a scalar, you multiply each entry in the
matrix by that scalar.

 2 0  4(2) 4 (0 ) 
4    
 4  1  4(4) 4 (  1) 
 8 0 
  
 16  4
  1  2  4 5 
 2     
 0 3   6  8  

 1 4  2  5 
 2   
 0  6 3  ( 8)  

 -2  -3
6 -5
3

  -2(-3) -2(3)
-2(6) -2(-5)   
6 -6
-12 10 
 Equal Matrices
Two matrices are equal if the entries in corresponding positions are equal

 3  2  3  2
1  
 2 0  .5 0 
  4 7  7  4 
 0  1  0  1 
   
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

1-11
1-12
EXAMPLE 5 CONTINUED

1-13
EXAMPLE 5 CONTINUED

1-14
CW

NOTE
For 2x2 (“two by two”) matrices A and B then AB  BA
 Finding Determinants of Matrices

Notice the different symbol:

3 2 the straight lines tell you to

5 4 find the determinant!!

3 2 =
(3 * 4) - (-5 * 2)
5 4
=
12 - (-10)
=
22
 Finding Determinants of Matrices

2 0 3 2 0
1 2 5 1 -2
1 4 2 -1 4

= [(2)(-2)(2) + (0)(5)(-1) + (3)(1)(4)]

- [(3)(-2)(-1) + (2)(5)(4) + (0)(1)(2)]
= [-8 + 0 +12] - [6 + 40 + 0]
= 4 – 6 - 40 = -42
 Using matrix equations
Identity matrix: Square matrix with 1’s on the diagonal and zeros
everywhere else

 1 0 2 x 2 identity matrix
 
0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0 3 x 3 identity matrix
 
0 0 1 

The identity matrix is to matrix multiplication as ___ is to regular

multiplication!!!!
1
 Using matrix equations
Identity matrix: Square matrix with 1’s on the diagonal and zeros
everywhere else

 1 0 2 x 2 identity matrix
 
0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0 3 x 3 identity matrix
 
0 0 1 

The identity matrix is to matrix multiplication as ___ is to regular

multiplication!!!!
1
Multiply:

 1 0 5 2 5  2
  3 4 = 
3

4
 0 1

5  2  1 0 5  2
    =  
3 4  0 1 3 4

So, the identity matrix multiplied by any matrix

lets the “any” matrix keep its identity!

Mathematically, IA = A and AI = A !!
 Using matrix equations

Inverse Matrix: 2x2

 a b
A   
 c d
1 1  d  b
A  ad  bc  c a 
In words:
•Take the original matrix.
•Switch a and d.
•Change the signs of b and c.
•Multiply the new matrix by 1 over the determinant of the original matrix.
 Using matrix equations
Example: Find the inverse of A.

 2 4
A   
 4  10

1 1  10  4
A  (2)(10)  ( 4)(4)  4 2 

5 1 
1 1  10  4 
A   4  4 2  =
2 
 1
 1  
 2
Find the inverse matrix.

 8  3 
1  Matrix 

Inverse =
  det Reloaded
 5 2  
Matrix A

Det A = 8(2) – (-5)(-3) = 16 – 15 = 1

=
1 2 3 2 3
1   =
 
5 8 5 8
 What happens when you multiply a matrix by its inverse?

1
1st: What happens when you multiply a number by its inverse? 7
7

A & B are inverses. Multiply them.

 8  3 2 3 =  1 0
     
 5 2 5 8  0 1

So, AA-1 = I
 Why do we need to know all this? To Solve Problems!
Solve for Matrix X.

 8  3  4 1
  X =
 
 5 2 3 1
We need to “undo” the coefficient matrix. Multiply it by its INVERSE!

2 3  8  3 2 3  4 1
   X =
  
5 8  5 2 5 8 3 1

 1 0   1 1
 
 0 1
X =
 
 4 3

  1 1
X =
 
 4 3
 Using matrix equations

You can take a system of equations and write it with

matrices!!!

3x + 2y = 11 3 2 x  11
becomes   y = 8 Answer matrix
2x + y = 8 2 1    
Coefficient Variable
matrix matrix
 Using matrix equations
3 2 x  11
Example: Solve   y =  8  for x and y .
2 1    
Let A be the coefficient matrix.
Multiply both sides of the equation by the inverse of A.

3 2 -1 1  1  2  1 2
 x  11 A 1
   =
 1  2 3 
=  
A     2 1  2  3
 y  8 
 1 2 3 2 x   1 2 11
1  x  1 11
A A   A       y =   8
 2  3 2 1    2  3  
 y 8
 1 0  x   5 
 x 1 11    y  =   2
 y  A  8   0 1    
    x   5 
 y  =   2
   
 Using matrix equations

Wow!!!! x = 5; y = -2 It works!!!!

Check: 3x + 2y = 11 3(5) + 2(-2) = 11

2x + y = 8 2(5) + (-2) = 8
You Try…

Solve:

4x + 6y = 14
2x – 5y = -9

(1/2, 2)