6.

The CPU and Memory

Chapt. 7
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Introduction
• The Little Man Computer (LMC) is cute,
but…
• Real computers…
• Memory is separate from the CPU
Central
• Data are in binary (not decimal) Processing
Unit

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Components of a CPU
• ALU (arithmetic and logic unit)
• Perform arithmetic and logic operations
• Arithmetic: add, subtract, multiply, divide, etc.
• Logic: AND, OR, NOT, Shift, etc.
• Control unit
• Interprets instructions
• Controls the flow of information within the CPU
• Works with a “program counter” (address of next instruction)
• Input/output interface
• Provides mechanism for input and output of data
• Many variations possible

p. 166
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 LMC Counterparts
ALU
Input/output
00 123
interface 123 01 500
02 199
03 500
04 399
456 05

Control unit
95
96
97
789 98
99 123
05
Program counter
p. 167
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 System Block Diagram

CPU
ALU

Input/output
interface Memory

Control unit

Program counter

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Registers
• A register is a single storage location within the CPU
• Unlike memory, which is “outside” the CPU
• Examples of registers:
• Accumulator (ACC)
• Program counter (PC)
• Instruction register (IR)
• Memory address register (MAR)
• Memory data register (MDR)
• Status register
• General purpose registers (R0, R1, …)
• Included on some CPUs
• Used for high-speed temporary storage of program variables

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Memory Unit
n bits Memory cell
bit 0
0
Memory address register

bit 1 1

Address decoder
2
3
4

bit n - 1 2n-1
0 1 2 m-1

Memory data register m bits

p. 170
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Memory Capacity
• 2n x m
• n address bits = 2n addresses
• m data bits
• m is the “width” of the data path
• Typical values:
• n: 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, etc.
• m: 8, 16, 32, 64

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Question
• Q: How many bits of memory are contained
in a memory unit with 512KB of memory?

A: 512 = 29, K = 210, B = byte = 8 = 23

29 x 210 x 23 = 222 = 4,194,304

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Exercise – Memory Capacity
• Q: How many bits of memory are contained
in a memory unit with 2MB of memory?

A:

Skip answer Answer

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Exercise – Memory Capacity
Answer

• Q: How many bits of memory are contained

in a memory unit with 2MB of memory?

A: 2 = 21, M = 220, B = byte = 8 = 23

21 x 220 x 23 = 224 = 16,777,216

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Memory Implementations
• RAM – random access memory
• Static RAM
• Dynamic RAM
• ROM – read-only memory

p. 175
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Fetch-Execute Cycle
• Two steps, or cycles, in the execution of
every instruction
• Fetch – fetch the code for the instruction from
memory and place it in the IR (instruction
register)
• Execute – execute the instruction
• A pretty picture sometimes helps…

Fetch Execute
time
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 The Store Instruction

PC  MAR
Fetch
MDR  IR
IR[address]  MAR time
Execute A  MDR
PC + 1  PC

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 The Add Instruction

PC  MAR
Fetch
MDR  IR
IR[address]  MAR time
Execute A + MDR  A
PC + 1  PC

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Buses
• Definition: a collection of wires with a
common purpose
• Each wire is called a line
• Typically, buses carry information from one
place to another

From our first lecture…

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 bus
Printer Disk
Mouse controller
Ports
Keyboard Graphics Monitor
Modem card

CPU Sound Speakers

card
RAM
Network
card
Computer

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Types of Buses (1 of 3)
• Point-to-point

Serial
Modem
port

Control
unit ALU

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Types of Buses (2 of 3)
• Multipoint
Computer Computer

Computer Computer

CPU Memory

Disk controller Video controller

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Types of Buses (3 of 3)
• Daisy chain
Device controller

Device

Device

Device

Terminator

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Buses Inside a Computer

Data bus
Address bus
Control bus
CPU
Motherboard
I/O Module • Many
Memory configurations
possible

I/O Device

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Data Bus
• Carries data between the CPU and memory or I/O
devices
• Bi-directional
• Data transferred “out of” the CPU for write operations
• Data transferred “into” the CPU for read operations
• Typical sizes: 8, 16, 32, 64 lines
• Signal names:
• D0, D1, D2, D3, etc.

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Address Bus
• Carries an address from the CPU to Memory or
I/O devices
• Unidirectional
• The address is always supplied by the CPU
(There is one exception to this, which we’ll discuss later.)
• Typical sizes: 16, 20, 24 lines
• Signal names:
• A0, A1, A2, A3, etc.

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Control Bus
• Collection of signals for coordinating CPU activities
• Each signal has a unique purpose
• Typical sizes: 10-20 lines
• Signals are output, input, or bi-directional
• Typical signals
• /RD (read)
• /WR (write
• CLK (clock)
• /IRQ (interrupt request)
• etc.

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Memory Maps
• The usage of memory space on a system is
commonly depicted in a “memory map”
• The height of the map is determined by the
number of addresses
• The width of the map is usually 8 bits
• E.g.,
• a system with a capacity of 216 bytes…

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Memory 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Map FFFF
Data bit
position

Hexadecimal
0002 The “bottom”
0001
address 0000 of memory

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Use of Memory Maps
• Memory maps are usually drawn to show “what is
where” on a system
• The possibilities for “what”
• RAM, ROM, I/O, nothing
• The possibilities for “where”
• Determined by the starting/ending addresses for each “block”
of RAM, ROM, I/O, nothing
• E.g.,
• a memory map for a system with a capacity of 2 24 bytes with
two 1 MB RAM modules residing consecutively at the
bottom of memory…

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Memory
FFFFFF
Map

14 MB

224 bytes = 16 MB empty

“capacity”
200000
1FFFFF
1 MB RAM
100000
0FFFFF
1 MB RAM
000000

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Exercise – Memory Space
Q: A system with a memory capacity of 128
GB has four 32 MB memory modules
installed consecutively at the bottom of
memory. The rest of the memory is
unused. How much memory space is
available for future expansion? (Give your
answer in decimal in megabytes.)
A: ?
Skip answer Answer
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Exercise – Memory Space
Answer

Q: A system with a memory capacity of 128 GB has four 32

MB memory modules installed. The rest of the memory
is unused. How much memory space is available for
future expansion? (Give your answer in decimal in
megabytes.)
A: 128 GB – 4 x 32 MB
= 27 x 210 MB - 22 x 25 MB
= (217 – 27) MB
= (131,072 – 128) MB
= 130,944 MB

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Exercise – Memory Maps
• Draw a memory map for a system with a
capacity of 2 GB. Assume the system has
three 32 MB memory modules residing
consecutively at the bottom of memory.
Illustrate the size of each block in MB and
the starting and ending address of each
block of memory in hexadecimal.

Skip answer Answer

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Answer
Memory
Map 7FFFFFFF

1,952 MB
empty

231 bytes = 2 GB 06000000

“capacity” 05FFFFFF
32 MB RAM
04000000
03FFFFFF
32 MB RAM
Note: 02000000
2 GB = 2,048 MB 01FFFFFF

00000000
32 MB RAM

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Memory vs. I/O
• Our system block diagram shows memory
and I/O connected to the same buses (data,
address, & control)
• This raises the question…
• How is I/O differentiated from memory?
• (We’ll answer this in the next topic)

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Thank you

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies