w Work is done on an object when some

forces causes a displacement of the object
(a change in position).
w Imagine that your car runs out of gas, and
you need to push it to the side of the road.
You exert some force on the car to change
its position. That means that you are doing
work on the car. The work that you do on
the car is equal to the magnitude of the
force times the magnitude of the
displacement of the car.
w 

w The unit for work is the joule (J) named
after James Joule. 1 J = 1 Nm


w Work is done only when the force is parallel to
the displacement.
w If the force is perpendicular to the
displacement of an object, work is not done on
the object.
w When the force on an object and the object¶s
displacement are in different directions, only
the component of the force that is parallel to
the object¶s displacement does work.
w If ș is the angle between the displacement and
your applied force, we can calculate the work
done on the object by using the equation:


Net 
 (et)
w If a many forces are applied to an object, we
can find the net work being done on the
object by using the equation:



  

d




 
  
 







  
§ N  2/18
§ecide whether any work is being
done in each situation. If so, identify
the object (s) on which work is being
done.
1.) A chicken scratching the ground
2.) A person reading a sign
3.) A crane lifting a bucket of concrete
4.) Walking down the hallway with
books in your hand.
x et
Ee

w xinetic energy is the energy associated
with an object in motion.
w xinetic energy depends on the speed
and mass of an object.
w To find the kinetic energy of an object,
we use the equation:
x
  
(kinetic energy is measured in joules (J),
like work)

x et
Ee
 The
em
Gx = Wnet
x 9
= Wnet
9  

w The Work-xinetic nergy Theorem tells
us the work that is done on an object
while the object changes speed.
w When net work > 0, speed is increasing
w When net work < 0, speed is decreasing
§ N  2/19
1.) A weightlifter lifts a set of weights a vertical
distance of 1.8 m. If a constant net force of 400
N is exerted on the weights, what is the net work
done on the weights?
2.) A crate is pushed with a force of 42 N directed
at an angle of 20° downward from the horizontal.
If the crate moves a distance of 30 m, how much
work is done on the crate?
3.) Furniture movers wish to load a truck using a
ramp from the ground to the rear of the truck.
One of the movers claims that less work would
be required if the ramp¶s angle with the
horizontal was reduced. Is this claim valid?
xplain.
et = ½ mvf2 ²½ mv 2

A 4550 N forward force is applied to

a 950 kg boat in order for it to
accelerate from rest. 1120 N of fluid
friction from the water also acts on
the boat. Use the work-kinetic
energy theorem to determine how
far the boat must travel for its speed
to reach 10 m/s.
- tet  Ee

w The stored energy of an object is called
g  .
w     g  is the
potential energy due to an object¶s elevated
position. The amount of gravitational potential
energy possessed by an object is equal to the
work done against gravity in lifting it.
-

Where is the height - the distance above
some chosen reference level, such as the
ground or the floor of a building
-E = mh
1.) A 2 kg ball is raised 5 meters from the
ground. If the ground is considered the
zero level, what is the gravitational
potential energy of the ball?
2.) A 30 kg boulder sits at the top of a
mountain. If the top of the mountain is
considered the zero level, what is the
gravitational potential energy of the
boulder?
Et
- tet  Ee

w The potential energy stored in a compressed or
stretched object is called  g  
.
- 

 
w When an external force compresses or stretches
the spring, elastic potential energy is stored in the
spring.
w M is the distance that the spring is stretched or
compressed; units for M
is meters (m). The amount
of energy depends on the distance that the spring
is compressed or stretched from its natural length.
w
is the spring constant, which is the spring¶s
resistance to being stretched or compressed; units
for k are Newtons per meter (N/m)
§ N  2/20
A pinball bangs against a
bumper, giving the ball a speed
of 42 cm/s. If the ball has a
mass of 50g, what is the ball¶s
kinetic energy in joules?
re
h
 Ee

w ·onserved quantity
w Mechanical energy is the sum of the
kinetic energy and all the forms of
potential energy in an object
(remember that an object can have
elastic potential energy and
gravitational potential energy).
w M = x + ȈP
· e
vt  f re
h
 Ee

w When friction is absent, the amount of
mechanical energy remains constant, or is
conserved.
w The initial amount of mechanical energy will
equal the final amount of mechanical energy.
r 
r

x   - 
x
 -

x  - 
  -  
x
- 

- 

       
 
   
  

§ N  2/23
A pinball bangs against a
bumper, giving the ball a
speed of 42 cm/s. If the ball
has a mass of 50g, what is the
ball¶s kinetic energy in joules?
§ N  2/24
1.) Is conservation of mechanical energy
likely to hold in these situations?
(a) A hockey puck sliding on a frictionless
surface of ice
(b) A toy car rolling on a carpeted floor
(c) A baseball being thrown into the air
2.) A child and sled with a combined mass of
50 kg slide down a frictionless hill that is
7.34 meters high. If the sled starts from
rest, what is its speed at the bottom of the
hill?
- e

w Power is the rate at which work is done.
w P = Work = W
time interval Gt
w P = Fd
Gt
w P = Fv (Force x speed)
w Power is measured in Watts (W).
Horsepower (hp) is another unit of power
that is sometimes used; 1 hp = 746 watts