Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning

Civil Engineering Department

Petra Christian University
1
INTRODUCTION

BEHAVIOR OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

CONCENTRICALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMN

ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMN

BALANCED, COMPRESSION & TENSION REGION

LENGTH EFFECT

MAGNIFICATION FACTOR

SNI CODE

FLOWCHART & SUMMARY OF USEFUL EQUATION

DESIGN EXAMPLES
2
* COLUMN is structural elements used primarily to support compression
loads.

* Concrete columns are reinforced by longitudinal and transverse steel.

The transverse steel is generally in the form of ties or
closely spaced spiral.

* Types of columns :
1. SHORT COLUMN
The ultimate load at a given eccentricity is governed only by the
strength of the materials and the dimensions of the cross section.
2. SLENDER COLUMN
The ultimate load is also influenced by slenderness, which produces
additional bending because of transverse deformation.
3
 Ties Spiral Steel tubing

Concrete filled
Typically 300 - 400 mm Typically 50 - 75 mm Spiral

Pipe
(d) Composite
column
(c) Composite column (steel encased
(spiral bound concrete core)
(a) Tied column (b) Spirally encasement around
reinforced structural
column steel core) 4
 Pn = kc f’c Ac + fy Ast + ks fsy Asp

Pn = nominal strength for tied column (third term omitted if no spiral)

kc = coefficient (0.85) to account for the difference between concrete
in the column and that in a test cylinder
f’c = concrete cylinder strength
Ac = net area of concrete
Ast = area of longitudinal reinforcement
fy = yield stress for longitudinal reinforcement
ks = constant that varies from 1.5 to 2.5 (with an average of 1.95)
fsy = yield stress of spiral steel
Asp = volumeYield
of spiral steel per
point (spirally unit length of column
reinforced
column shell spalls off)
Spirally reinforced column
Load

x shows ability to deform

prior to failure
Tied column fails suddenly
Tied and spirally reinforced columns
5
Deformation (unit shortening)
 P0 = 0.85 f’c (Ag - Ast) + fy Ast
A1 A2 b
Where :
h P0 = maximum nominal strength for concentrically loaded
P0 short column
f’c = concrete strength
Ag = gross area of section = b h
Ast = total area of longitudinal reinforcement = A1 + A2
fy = steel yield strength

C2 = fy A1 C3 = fy A2 Note :
This equation is also in agreement with the
C1 = 0.85 f’c (Ag - Ast)
rectangular stress block assumptions where the
entire cross section is subject to a failure compressive
strain of 0.003.
6
It is common in reinforced concrete buildings that bending moments act
on all columns. These moments are generally due to :
1. Unbalanced floor loads on both exterior and interior columns,
2. Eccentric loads such as crane loads in industrial buildings,
3. Lateral loading such as from wind or earthquake.

monolithic
The vertical members are subjected
to a high ratio of axial force to
bending moment.
Rigid Frame

7
 P
P e P e P
M

P A A
= =

Plastic
centroid Eccentrically
loaded member
Axial load and
bending moment
M P
e= x
P e
Statically Equivalent for
Eccentrically Loaded Column
Section A-A

8
 When combined axial compression and bending moment act on a member
having a low slenderness ratio (unbraced length Lu to radius of gyration r)
where column buckling is not a possible mode of failure, the strength of the
member is governed by the material strength of the cross section.
Pn-axis
e=
Mn For this so-called short column,
P0 Pn the strength is achieved when the
extreme concrete compression fiber
Compression
e=0 controls reaches the strain 0.003.

Balanced strain Depending on the ratio of Mn to Pn,

condition
Pb the strain diagram will exhibit two
distinct categories :
eb
e= Tension 1. Compression Controls region
controls
e=
2. Tension Controls region
M0 Mb Mn-axis

9
Pn-axis Axis of bending
Mn
P0 e=
Pn
Compression
e=0 controls s < y 0.003
Compression
A controls
Balanced strain
condition 0.003
Pb Balanced
f condition
s = y = y
eb Es
e= Tension
B controls 0.003
e=
Tension
s > y controls
M0 Mb Mn-axis

Compression Controls Region (point A)

There may be compression over most or all of the section such that the compressive strain
in the concrete reaches 0.003 before section the tension steel yields.
Tension Controls Region (point B)
Tension in a large portion of the section such that the strain in the tension steel is greater
than the yield strain when the compressive strain in the concrete reaches 0.003.
10
 Pn
Compression
control

e’ cb 0.003 Balanced
= Tension
d” e = eb d fy/Es + 0.003 control
N.A Plastic centroid Mn
600
As As’ Pn = Pb cb = d
b x fy + 600
Force equilibrium requires :
s < y/Es Pb = Cc + Cs - T
cb

s’
Where :
cu = 0.003 Cc = 0.85 fc’ a b = 0.85 fc’ 1 cb b
d’ Cs = As’ fs’
d
h T = As fy
Actual stress distribution
Taking moments about the plastic centroid
T = A s fy
Pn = Pb
Pb eb = Cc(d-a/2-d”) + Cs(d-d’-d”) + Td”
Cc Cs
a = 1cb 11
Both equations can be solved to obtain
 Pn
Compression
control
e’
d” e Balanced
N.A Plastic centroid Tension
control

As Pn Mn
b x
As’ Force equilibrium :
Pn = Cc + Cs - T
d
s < y c
d’ Where :
Cc = 0.85 fc’ a b = 0.85 fc’ 1 c b
s ’ > y
cu = 0.003 C s = As’ fy
T = A s fs
Pn
Taking moments about the plastic centroid
Pn e = Cc(d-a/2-d”) + Cs(d-d’-d”) + Td”
T = A s fs Cc Cs
a = 1c 12
 Pn
Compression
e’ control
d” e Balanced
Plastic centroid N.A Tension
control
As Pn Mn
b x
As’ Force equilibrium :
Pn = Cc + Cs - T
d
Where :
s > y c Cc = 0.85 fc’ a b = 0.85 fc’ 1 c b
d’ Cs = As’ fs’
 s’ T = A s fy
cu = 0.003
Pn
Taking moments about the plastic centroid
Pn e = Cc(d-a/2-d”) + Cs(d-d’-d”) + Td”
T = As fY C c Cs
a 13
 Po
Pn (max) = 0.80 P0 (for tied columns)
= 0.85 P0 (for spirally columns)
Pn (max)
SNI 03-2847-2002, sec 12.3.5)
03h

Where :
P0 = 0.85 fc’ (Ag - Ast) + fy Ast
+ 0.

fc’ = concrete strength

= 15

Ag = gross area of column section

in

Ast = total area of longitudinal reinforcement

em

fy = steel yield strength

Mn

14
 Pn
Axial Region I
compression Maximum axial compression permitted by SNI
P0 Pn (max) = 0.80 P0 (tied)
Pn (max) = 0.85 P0 (spirally reinforced)
Pn (max)
Region II
m Compression controls
m
03h
+ 0.

Balanced strain condition

= 15

Pb
in

Region III
em

eb Tension controls

M0 Mb Mn, Bending moment

15
The percentage of longitudinal reinforcement must be :

1% <  < 8% SNI 03-2847-2002,sec 12.9.1)

Where :
 = As / Ag
As = total area of longitudinal reinforcement
Ag = gross area of section

16
* Are used to hold the vertical bars in position
* Providing lateral support so that individual bar could have the tendency
to buckle only between the tie support.
* Do not contribute to the strength of columns.
* Are placed at a sufficiently close spacing provide confinement and
increase the strain at which concrete crushes to values well above
the maximum of 0.003.

SNI PROVISION
* All nonprestressed bars for tied columns shall be enclosed by lateral ties
* The ties shall be so arranged that every corner and alternate longitudinal
bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of a tie.
* Where the bars are located around the periphery of a circle, a complete
circular tie may be used.
17
 Alternate position of hooks
4 Bar in successive sets of ties
(for all bar arrangements)

db
 Dc2
6 Bar Ac =
4
 h2
Ag = 4

Dc
8 Bar h
as = area of
spiral
s
12 Bar
as ( Dc - db )
s =
( Dc2 / 4) s
Ag fc’ SNI 03-2847-2002
s min = 0.45 -1
Ac fy eq. (27) 18
 P For longer member, the effect of
P
slenderness ratio /r (ratio of unbraced
 < 3b length u to radius of gyration r) must be
  3b
considered. For this member, buckling
b may control the strength.
b b
Pedestal Note : r = (I/A)
b
Slender member
W
P P
Stability problem due to secondary

 moment has become increasingly important.
M = Primary bending moment

P = Secondary bending moment

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BUCKLING OF CONCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS

P Euler formula :

 2 Et I
Pc =
(k u)2

ku Where :
Pc = buckling load
Et = tangent modulus of elasticity of concrete
at the buckling load
P I = moment of inertia of the effective section
ku = equivalent pin-end length
k = effective length factor
u = actual unbraced length
20
 EQUIVALENT PIN-END LENGTHS
P P
P P

k u = 0.7 u
k u = 1 u u k u = ½  u u u k u < u

P P P P
(a) (b) (c) (d)
End rotation End rotation One end restrained, Partially restrained
unrestrained fully restrained other unrestrained at each end
The magnitude of the slenderness ratio determines the strength reduction.
The reference condition for slenderness ratio is that of a column with hinged ends.
Equivalent pin-end lengths of columns with end restraints can be expressed by k u,
where k is the effective length factor and u is the actual unsupported length. 21
BRACED / UNBRACED SYSTEMS

A vital factor in the determination of the equivalent pin-end length is

whether the structural system is :
* braced so that relative movement of the ends of a compression member
transverse to the axis of the member is prevented, or
* unbraced where such relative movement is possible and restraint is
provided only by the rigidity of the joints and the stiffness of interacting
beams and columns.

For Braced Systems k  1.0

For Unbraced Systems k > 1.0

22
 SNI Provision for Braced/Unbraced Systems

12.11.4) Columns and stories in structures shall be designated as nonsway or sway

columns or stories. The design of columns in nonsway frames or stories shall be
based on 12.12. The design of columns in sway frames or stories shall be based
on 12.13

(1) Nonsway structures → the increase in column end moments due to second-
order effects does not exceed 5% of the first-order end moments.
or
(2) Nonsway structures if:
Pu o
Q= ≤ 0.05
Vu ℓc
where: Pu = total vertical load at the story in question
Vu = story shear at the story in question
o = first-order relative deflection between the top and bottom of
that story due to Vu

23
 EQUIVALENT PIN-END LENGTHS ; JOINT TRANSLATION POSSIBLE
P  P 
P 

u u u
k u > 2 u
k u = u k u = 2 u
P P Partial
restraint P

(a)
End rotation
fully restrained
(b)
One end rotation
fully restrained,
other unrestrained
(c)
One end rotation
partially restrained,
other end unrestrained
24
EQUIVALENT PIN-END LENGTHS for FRAMES

P P P P

k u
u 2  k u > 2 u
u
0.7 u < k u < u

(a) Braced frame, hinge base (b) Unbraced frame, hinge base
P P P  P

u 0.5 u < k u < 0.7 u u

u < k u < 2 u

(c) Braced frame, fixed base

(d) Unbraced frame, fixed base 25
EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR FOR
BEAM-COLUMNS IN RIGID FRAMES

The effective length factor k is a function of

EIcolumn 1
the end restraint factor A and B, for the
EIbeam 1 EIbeam 2 top and bottom joints at the ends of the
A member.
EIcolumn 2  EI /  (for column members)
 =
 EI /  (for beam members)
EIbeam 3 B EIbeam 4

EIcolumn 3

26
ALIGNMENT CHARTS FOR EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR, k

27
NEGLECT OF LENGTH EFFECTS
The SNI is to permit the design of compression members as short columns,
without strength reduction for slenderness effect, when :
k u M
≤ 34 - 12 1 for Braced Systems - SNI 03-2847-2002,
r M2 sec 12.12.2)
k u
r < 22 for Unbraced Systems - SNI 03-2847-2002,
sec 12.13.2)
The Second-Order Analysis should be used if :
k u
> 100 SNI 03-2847-2002, sec 12.11.4).(5)
r
Where :
k = effective length factor I = moment inertia of section
u = unbraced length A = gross area of section
r = radius of gyration = (I/A) M1 = smaller bending moment at member end
M2 = larger bending moment at member 28
end
 According to the moment area
q principle, the midspan deflection 1
P P equals the moment of the
0 M/(EI) diagram between the support
 and midspan :
x 1
P
Primary 1 = (0 + 1) L 2 L
Mi Mm bending EI 2  
moment, Mi
L/ (0 + 1)P P L2
1 = (0 + 1) 2 EI
P Secondary
bending Where :
Centroid of moment, P
L/2 shaded area 0 = deflection due to
primary bending moment
1 = additional deflection due to
secondary bending moment
29
From which : q
PL2 / (2EI) P P
1 = 0
1 - PL2 / (2EI) 0
 
= 0 x 1
(1-)
Primary
where  = PL / ( /EI)
2 2
Mi Mm bending
Since max is the sum of 0 and 1, moment, Mi
L/ (0 + 1)P
max = 0 + 1
P Secondary
 0 Centroid of bending
= 0 + 0 1 -  = 1-
L/2 shaded area moment, P

The maximum bending moment, including the effect of axial load, becomes :
Cm
Mmax = Mm + Pmax = Mm = Mm 
1-
Where :  = Cm = magnification factor and
1- 2
 EI0
Cm = 1 + -1  30
MmL 2
Suggested values of Cm for common situations with no joint translation
Case Cm (M+) Cm (M-) Primary Bending Moment
M M
P P 1.0 + 0.2 - + Mm

P w P Mm
1.0 - +

L/2 Q Mm
P P 1.0 - 0.2 - +

w Mm
P P +
1.0 - 0.3 1.0 - 0.4 -
w Mm
P P +
1.0 - 0.4 1.0 - 0.4 - -

Q Mm
P L/2 P +
1.0 - 0.4 1.0 - 0.3 -

L/2 Q Mm
P P +
1.0 - 0.6 1.0 - 0.2 - -

P P Mm
See general Not +
MA MB -
MA  MB equation available 31
 M1 M2
P P
Cm
z y Mmax = M2
1-
Primary Moment, Mi
M1 M2
M2 > M1
Py
Secondary Moment, Py

Where : Cm / (1-) = magnification factor

M1
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4  0.4
M2

M1 and M2 are moments on a “braced” member

32
 P 
Cm
Mmax = M2
1-
Lu

Where : Cm / (1-) = magnification factor

Cm  1
P
M2 = maximum moment at the member

33
 PU Mc = ns M2 (SNI eq. (30))
M1 Where :
Cm
ns = moment magnification factor = PU  1.0
1- (SNI eq. (31))
0.75 Pc
Cm = 1.0 (with transverse loading)
` M1
M2 = 0.6 + 0.4 M2  0.4 (end moments only) - M1/M2 is positive
when the member is bent in single curvature
PU
M2 ≥ M2,min = Pu (15 + 0.03h) (SNI eq. (36))
M2 > M1
Pu = factored axial load of column
Pc = 2EI/(k u)2 = critical axial load
EI = (0.2EcIg + EsIse) / (1+d) or 0.4EcIg / (1+d)
M1 = smaller bending moment at member end
34
M2 = larger bending moment at member end
 M1 = M1ns + S M1S (SNI eq. (37))
PU M2 = M2ns + S M2S (SNI eq. (38))
M1
Where :
M1ns = factored end moment on and compression member due to loads that
cause no appreciable sidesway.

M2 s = moment magnification factor for frames not braced against sidesway to

reflect lateral drift resulting from lateral and gravity loads
PU 1
= PU  1.0 (SNI eq. (40)
M2 > M1 1-
0.75 Pc
M1s = factored end moment on compression member at the end at which M1
acts, due to loads that cause appreciable sidesway.

35
 2 EI
Pc = (SNI eq. (32))
(k u)2

0.2 Ec Ig + Es Ise 0.4EcIg

EI = (SNI eq. (33)) or 1 + d (SNI eq.(34)
1 + d
Ec = concrete modulus of elasticity  4700 fc’ MPa
Es = steel modulus of elasticity = 2.105 MPa
Ig = gross moment of inertia of concrete section neglecting reinforcement
Ise = moment of inertia of reinforcement

d = ratio of the factored axial dead load to total factored axial load combination
= PDU / (PDU + PLU) for BRACED FRAME
= VU / VU for UN-BRACED FRAME (if lateral load is permanent)
= 0 for UN-BRACED FRAME (if lateral load is temporary)

36
 START

Define the section of column, b and h 3

Calculate effective length factor, k

using the alignment charts

yes BRACED FRAME no

ku/r < 34 - 12 M1/M2 ku/r < 22

yes Designed as Short Column yes
no no
1

no Designed as
ku/r > 100 Slender Column
yes
Column should be designed with dynamic 2
magnification factor (Second-Order Analysis)
37
 1

SHORT COLUMN DESIGN

Calculate the loads :

PU = 1.2PD + 1.6PL  Pn(max)
MU = 1.2MD + 1.6ML  PU . emin
where : emin = 15 + 0.03h (mm)

With PU and MU,

calculate the column reinforcement, 
using P - M Diagram

yes
 < min ( = 1%)
no
yes Redesign the
Use  = min
 > max ( = 8%) section
no
3
As =  . Ag
38
FINISH
 2

SLENDER COLUMN DESIGN

Calculate the Loads :

PU = 1.2PD + 1.6PL  Pn (max)
M1, M2 (due to loads which result in no appreciable sidesway)
Ms (due to load which result in appreciable sidesway)
d = 1.2PD / PU

EI = {0.2Ec.Ig + Es.Ise} / (1 + d)

Pc = 2 EI / (ku)2
yes no
yes BRACED MEMBER
M1 = 0? M1/M2  1
no Cm = 1

Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 M1/M2  0.4 s = 1 / (1 - PU / 0.75 Pc)  1

ns = Cm / (1 - Pu / 0.75 Pc)  1

39

4
 4

M2  Pu . emin
M1 = M1ns + s . M1s
M2 = M2ns + s . M2s → or Mc (braced frame)

With PU and M1, M2

calculate the column reinforcement, 
using P - M Diagram

yes
 < min ( = 1%)
no
yes Redesign the
Use  = min
 > max ( = 8%) section
no
3
As =  . Ag

FINISH
40
1. DEFINITIONS

 EI /  of columns  = 0 (fixed end)

 =  EI /  of beams  = 10 (column end supported on footing)
 =  (theoretical hinged end)
2
Pc =  EI EIcol ≈ Ig
(k u)2 EIbeam ≈ 0.5 Ig

2. SLENDERNESS RATIO LIMITATION (NO LENGTH EFFECT)

k u M1 M1 < M2 ;

Braced Frames :
r < 34 - 12 M2 M1b/M2b positive for single curvature
k u Approximate values of r :
Unbraced Frames : r = 0.3h for rectangular columns
r < 22
r = 0.25h for circular columns

41
3.STIFFNESS FACTOR EI IN MOMENT MAGNIFIER METHOD

0.2 EcIg + EsIs

EI =
Larger 1 + d
of 0.4 EcIg
EI =
1 + d

4. EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR k IN MOMENT MAGNIFIER METHOD

Braced Frames : see nomogram (alignment chart)

Unbraced Frames : see nomogram (alignment chart)

5. Cm FACTOR IN MOMENT MAGNIFIER METHOD

Braced Frames : * Transverse loading, Cm = 1.0
M
* End moments only, Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 1  0.4
M2
M1 < M2 ;
M1/M2 positive for single curvature
Unbraced Frames : Cm = 1.0
42
6. MOMENT MAGNIFIER METHOD
Braced Frames : Mc = ns M2 (M2 = larger end moment)
Cm
ns = Pu  1.0
1-
0.75 Pc

Unbraced Frames : M1 = M1ns + s M1s u 35

if 
M2 = M2ns + s M2s r Pu/(fc’*Ag)
u 35
>
Mc = ns M2 if r Pu/(fc’*Ag)
1
s = 1 - Pu  1.0
0.75 Pc
7. SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS METHOD
Unbraced Frames : Qu = stability index
(a) Qu = Pu 1 / (H1 hs)  0.05 ; 1/hs = 1/400 or 1/500
Second-order analysis may be neglected
(b) 0.05 < Qu  0.2 Second-order analysis must be performed 43

 = 1 / (1 - Q )
Special Notes:

1. The use of d value:

d is basically to express the ratio of ultimate permanent load to total ultimate
permanent load, thus:
Braced frame : d = PDU / (PDU + PLU)
Un-braced frame : d = VU / VU of columns at the same level
for dynamic loading (earthquake dan wind)   = 0 because
there is no shear permanent loading.

2. The use of EI for defining 

For columns : use Igross
For beams : use 0.5 Igross

3. Requirement for Mmin

Mmin is the limitation used for M2ns, and not for Mc.

44
 A (250x250)
300 X 500 300 X 500 Determine the adequacy of the interior
top floor column (column A) of the
300 X 500 300 X 500
3 @ 3.65 m

braced frame. The column is 250x250

250x250 with 8D22 bars (fy = 400 MPa and
fc’ = 20 MPa) and is to carry a service
4 @ 7.30 m axial compression of 360 kN live load
and 120 kN dead load.
The bending moments at Column A due to factored loads at both ends are 20 kNm and 25
kNm respectively. Determine the magnified moment Mc if there is no lateral loading.

SOLUTION

(a) Determine slenderness ratio

The clear length of column : u = 3650 - 500 = 3150 mm
If the rational evaluation of end restraint is not made and taking the effective length -
factor k = 1 for a braced frame, and radius of gyration may be taken as 0.3h,
45
 then : ku 1 (3150)
= 0.3 (250) = 42
r

(b) Slenderness ratio limits

Since the end moments are negligible, the minimum eccentricity provision govern the
design. Accordingly, the deformation should be considered as single curvature with
M1/M2 = positive. The slenderness limit is :
ku M1
= 34 - 12 = 24.4 < 42
r limit
M2
Thus slenderness effects must be considered.
Note: M2 min = Pu . emin = 720 (15 + 0.03h) = 720 (15 + 0.03 . 250) /1000 = 16.2 kNm

(c) Moment Magnifier

Cm
ns = Pu
1-
0.75 Pc

where : Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 * (20/25) = 0.92

Pu = 1.2 (120) + 1.6 (360) = 720 kN 46
For the stiffness parameter EI using :
Ec = 4700 fc’ = 4700 20 = 21019 MPa
8D22 tied : Ø10
Ig = 250 (250) / 12 = 325520833 mm
3 4

Es = 2.105 MPa
Is = 6 (¼ 222) (64)2 = 9342142 mm4
1.2 (120)
d = = 0.2 64 64
1.2 (120) + 1.6 (360)
0.2 EcIg + EsIs
EI = = 2.7.1012 Nmm2
1 + d
2 EI 2 2.7.1012
Pc = (k  )2 = [ 1 (3150)]2 = 2685607 N = 2686 kN
u
Cm
ns = 0.92
Pu = = 1.43
1- 1 - 720 / [0.75 (2686)]
0.75 Pc
Mc = ns . M2 = 1.43 x 25 = 35.75 kNm

47
(d) Rational analysis for effective length factor k.
For the beam, the cracked section moment of inertia is recommended. An approximation
is: Ibeam = Icr = Ig/2 = [(300) (500)3 / 12 ]/ 2 = 15625.105 mm4.
Ig column = 2504 / 12 = 3255.21.105 mm4

End restraint factors,

 EI /  for cols Ec . 3255.21.105 / 3650
A (top) = = = 0.21
 EI /  for beams 2 (Ec . 15625.10 / 7300)
5

2 (Ec . 3255.21.10 / 3650)

5
A (bottom) = = 0.42
2 (Ec . 15625.105/ 7300)
From the alignment chart, k = 0.63
The more correct effective slenderness ratio is :
ku 0.63 (3150)
= 0.3 (250) = 26.46 > 24.4 (the limit, see previous calculation)
r
The magnification factor is also affected,
2 EI 2 2.7.1012
Pc = (k  )2 = [ 0.63 (3150)]2 = 6767 kN
u
Cm
ns = = 0.92 = 1.07
Pu
1- 1 - 720 / [0.75 (6767)]
0.75 Pc 48
Mc = ns . M2 = 1.07 x 25 = 26.75 kNm
(e) Check capacity.
The strength of the section may be checked by this following methods :
Pu = 720 kN
Mu = Mc = 26.75 kNm
Using P-M Diagram of fig. 6.2.f - CUR IV (assume d’/h = 0.2):
Pu . e 26.75 x 106
x-axis =  A 0.85 f’ h = 0.65 (250)2 0.85 (20) (250) = 0.15
g c
Pu 720 x 103 1.04

r=
y-axis =  A 0.85 f’ = 0.65 (250)2 0.85 (20) = 1.04

0.0
g c

3
Required  = r .  = 0.03 x 0.8 = 0.024 OK !
Actual  = As / Ag = 8 (¼  222) / (250)2 = 0.049
0.15

49
 A (250x250)
300 X 500 300 X 500

300 X 500 300 X 500 Repeat Example 1, now consider

3 @ 3.65 m

250x250 the frame as unbraced frame.

4 @ 7.30 m

SOLUTION

In general, members in unbraced frames will have end moments on the members. In this
example, let the factored column moments due to gravity be negligible and the factored
column moment due to lateral loads, M2s = 10 kNm (assume that the lateral load is applied
temporarily).

50
(a) Effective pin-end length.
From part (d) of Example 1, the end restraint factor are :
A (top) = 0.21 A (bottom) = 0.42
From the alignment chart (nomogram) , k = 1.1

(b) Compute magnification factor s, for sidesway.

From part (c) of Example 1, EI = 3.24.1012 Nmm2 (for column - d = 0, no transverse
2 EI 2 3.24.1012 loading).
Pc = (k  )2 = [ 1.1 (3150)]2 = 2663 kN
u

Assuming Pu/Pc is the same for all columns in the story, Pu/Pc = Pu/Pc,
Pu 720
= = 0.36
0.75Pc 0.75 (2663)
Cm 1.0
s = = = 1.56
1 - Pu/(0.75Pc) 1 - 0.36

51
 Check: u 35
≤
r √ {Pu/(fc’*Ag)}
3150 ≤ 35
0.3 * 250 √{720,000/(20 * 2502)}
42 ≤ 46.12 (YES) → use: M2

(c) Compute magnified factored moment Mc.

M2 = M2ns + s M2s
= Pu . emin + s M2s
= 16.2 + 1.56 x 10 = 31.8 kNm (note: M2ns ≈ negligible → use M2, min)

52
 The ratio of value of x-axis to y-axis:
Pu . e 31,800,000
x-axis = = = 0.18
 Ag 0.85 f’c h 0.65 (250)2 0.85 (20) (250)
Pu 720,000 r = 0.04
y-axis = = 0.65 (250)2 0.85 (20) = 1.04
 Ag 0.85 f’c

y The required  to sustain Pu and Mc is:

Pu r=
 Ag 0.85 f’c 0.0  = r *  = 0.04 * 0.8 = 0.032
4
1.04 A
actual = As / Ag = 8 (¼ 222) / (250)2 = 0.049

Then actual > required → OK !!!!

x
Pu e
0.18  Ag 0.85 f’c h

53
 A 500 x 500 mm2 rectangular column
A

4.50
section is part of the first floor exterior
500x500 500x500
elements of the unbraced frame.

4.50
350x600
ln This column is to carry a service
350x600
A axial compression of 660 kN live load
500x500 500x500

4.50
B
and 965 kN dead load.
B The bending moment due to gravity load
9.50 9,50 9.50 (M2ns) = 95 kNm and due to dynamic
load (M2s) = 395 kNm.
Assume that bending moment is linear from +M to -M/2 at the top and bottom
end of column respectively. The concrete strength is 35 MPa and steel strength is 400 MPa.
Determine the magnified moment M2, and the 4-side reinforcement of this column.

Note: Factored lateral loads (shear forces) in every column in 1st floor is 35 kN.

54
Beam section in cracking condition :
ACI recommends a simplified calculation of moment of inertia as :
Icr = ½ Igr = b h3 / 24 = (350) (600)3 / 24 = 3.15 . 109 mm4

I(col) = Ig = 5004 / 12 = 5.2 . 109 mm4

Effective pin-end length :

 EI / n (col) 2 E ( 5.2 . 109) / 4500
A = = = 6.97 A
 EI / n (beam) 1 E ( 3.15 . 109) / 9500
B = 0 (fixed end)
B
From the nomogram 7.2c (CUR IV) for unbraced member : k = 1.58 thus :
k . u = 1.58 (4200) = 44.24 > 22
r (0.3) (500)

Then the slenderness effect may not be neglected.

55
* The ultimate loads of column : Pu
Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L = 1.2 . 965 + 1.6 . 660 = 2214 kN M2
A
M 95
M1ns = - 2ns = 2 = - 47.5 kNm
2 n
* Length effect of column :
Ec = 4700 fc’ B
= 4700 35 = 27806 MPa
M1
Ig = 1 . b . h3 = 1 . 5004 = 5.21 . 109 mm4
12 12
Ise = Ast . [ ½ . ( h - 2d’) ]2  Static moment of reinforcement to center of mass.
=  . Agross [ ½ ( h - 2d’) ]2  preliminary assumption   4%
= 0.04 . 500 . 500 [ ½ ( 500 - 2 . 64 ) ]2
= 3.46 . 108 mm4
d (sway) = VU /  VU = 35 / (4 . 35) = 0.25
Ec . Ig/5 + Es . Ise (27806) (5.21 . 109)/ 5 + (2.105) (3.46.108)
EI(col) sway = 1 + d = 1 + 0.25
56
= 7.853 . 10 Nmm
13 2
 2 EI 2 . 7.853 . 1013
Pc (sway) = = = 17600 kN
(k u) 2 (1.58 . 4200) 2

* Magnification factor s:

1
s =  1
1 - ( Pu / 0.75 Pc)
There are two exterior columns and two interior columns. The slenderness effect
and the critical load capacity 0.75Pc of each columns are :
For exterior columns : k = 1.58 (see previous page) and Pc = 17600 kN
For interior columns :
2 E (5.2.109 / 4500)
A (top) = 2 E (3.15.109 / 9500) = 3.49 k = 1.4
B (bottom) = 0 (fixed end)
2 EI 2 (7.853.1013 )
Pc = (k .  )2 = [(1.4) (4200)]2 = 22417 kN
u

Pc = 2 (Pc exterior) + 2 (Pc interior) = 2 (17600) + 2 (22417) = 80034 kN

 Pu = 14040 kN (total factored compression load for four columns, calculated
from structural analysis) 57
 Then the magnification factor s is :
1
s =  1
1 - (Pu / 0.75 Pc)
1
= 1 - [14040 / 0.75 (80034)] = 1.31

Check: u 35
≤
r √ {Pu/(fc’*Ag)}
4200 ≤ 35
0.3 * 500 √{2,214,000/(35 * 5002)}
28 ≤ 69.58 (yes) → use: M2
* Design moment Mc :
M2 = M2ns + s . M2s
= 95 + 1.31 . 395
= 612.45 kNm

58
* The reinforcement arrangement :
With Pu = 2214 kN dan M2 = 612.45 kNm and using nomogram 6.2.e - CUR IV :
d’/h = 64 / 500 = 0.128  0.15
Pu 2214 . 103
y-axis = = = 0.46
 Agr . 0.85 . fc’ 0.65 . 5002 . 0.85 . 35
Mc 612.45 . 106 r = 0.03
x-axis = = = 0.25
 Agr . 0.85 . fc’ . h 0.65 . 500 . 0.85 . 35 . 500
2

 = r .  = 0.03 . 1.33 = 0.04

As = 0.04 (500)2 = 10000 mm2  16 D 32

60
500 16 D 32
Stirrup Ø 10

500 Concrete cover = 40 mm

59