m Problem of population explosion

m Problem of poverty
m Problem of unemployment
m Problem of infrastructure development
V tdenotes a situation in which the
number of people living in a country
rapidly exceeds its carrying or
sustaining capabilities .
2he main cause of rapidly growing
population is:
m Rapidly increasing birth rate
m Rapidly decreasing death rate
Ramine and Rlood Relief Measures

mproved medical facilities

Public health measures

mprovement in standard of living

—niversal practice of marriage

Low marriage age

High nfant Morality Rate

mproved Life Expectancy

Religious 2aboos

Lack of Ramily Planning

V 2hree layer objective :
‡ 2o meet the unmet needs for
contraception , health care
mmediate infrastructure and to provide the
objective integrated service delivery for
basic reproductive and child
health care
‡ 2o bring down the fertility rate to
Medium-term the replacement levels by 2010
through vigorous implementation
objective of inter-sectoral operational
strategies.

Long-term ‡ 2o achieve a stable population by

objectives 2045
V Povertymay be defined as the inability of
a person to secure the minimum
necessities of life such as food , clothing
and shelter. 2here are two concepts of
poverty :
Absolute poverty

Relative poverty
V trefers to utter deprivation or lack of
minimum subsistence needs because of
very low income or adequate income
V t refers to a relatively lower standard of
life of a person in a lower income group
in comparison with that of relatively
richer person in a higher income group.
t is concerned with the relative condition
of different income groups.
 ‡ Population has increased at an
Rise in population alarming rate since several
years.
—nequal
‡ 2here is remarkable
distribution of
resources concentration of wealth.

‡ 2here is a lot of unemployment

—nemployment
and under-employment

˜40% of the national income is

Black money
circulated as black money.

Low economic ˜n the process of planning , the

growth economic growth has remained low
 Vi i s ‡ rt is t r t s f ll
p rt f ils
p rt

L w ‡ L wl l f pr d ti it in b t
gri lt r s w ll s ind stri l
pr d ti it s t r

 pr p
r
‡  pr p r p li i s f t
p li i
s f g rn
nt l
ds t p
rt .
g
rn
nt
˜2
b
n
fits f t
gr wt s
N
gl
ting r
in
d nfin
d t nl 
rtin
s il w
lfr
s
trs f t

n .
 ‡ 2o accelerate the rate of
Developmental economic growth with due
planning emphasis on agricultural and
industrial development.
Population ‡ 2o persuade people to limit the
control size of their families

‡ n order to protect the interest

Land reforms of the of farmers.

Green ˜2o make use of modern technology

revolution in agriculture and to eliminate rural
poverty
 Pragmatic ‡ 2o check the expansion of big
ndustrial policies monopoly houses in private sector.

20-point ‡ 2o invigorate the country·s

Programme economic and social life

Price control ‡ 2o control inflation

Employment ˜2o create employment in rural

programme areas

˜Provision for elementary education

Other government , rural health , water supply , rural
initiative roads , housing etc
V t is defined as a situation in which an
able bodied person who is willing to
work at the prevailing wage rate is
unable to get a job.
V t is a state of enforced or involuntary
idleness of the people.
 ‡ t is a form of disequilibrium
Classical unemployment that occurs when real
unemployment wages for jobs are forced above the
prevailing wages.

Cyclical ‡ t is an involuntary unemployment that

occurs during the recessionary phase
unemployment of trade cycle.

‡ Seasonal unemployment in agriculture is

Seasonal a normal condition in ndia because
unemployment agriculture labour remain unemployed
for 3-4 months.

Rrictional ˜t occurs due to labour turnover and

when jobless are unaware about the
unemployment
available job avenues.
 Structural ‡ t is caused due to certain structural
changes in the economy such as
unemployment mechanisation.

Disguised ‡ t occurs when physically a appears to be

employed but his contribution to the
unemployment marginal productivity is zero.

2echnological ‡ t occurs due to introduction or

innovation of new technology requiring
unemployment the employment of highly skilled labour.

Educated ˜t occurs when highly educated

unemployment people are not able to find jobs as per
their qualifications.
 High population ‡ High growth of population without much increase
growth in employment has caused unemployment.

nsufficient rate of ‡ 2he rate of growth is inadequate to absorb the

economic progress entire workforce in the country.

Excessive pressure ‡ 2here is excessive pressure of population on

agriculture as two-third population is employed
on Agriculture in this sector.

˜2his system promotes underemployment as

members of the family join their on family
Joint- family system business so there are more workers than
required .
 ‡ Agriculture in ndia offers
Seasonal employment in rainy season thus
employment agriculture labour remain
unemployed in off-season.
‡ 2here is lack of co-ordination
ack of co-
between government policies
ordination and that of industrial sector.

ntroduction of ‡ 2he use of modern and

sophisticated technology has
modern reduced the use of manpower
technology and caused unemployment
˜2here is dearth of capital in ndia
Shortage of capital thus industry and service sector
cannot be expanded much.
˜Business fluctuations and low
ow mobility geographical and occupational
mobility has caused unemployment.
General measures

Government measures
A 
i t
‡  rt
t
i
 t
tt
r f i
st
t-llti tt
r it 
i
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t i  itl-l
r rti.

S
sidi
s  t
‡ Cr
ti f r

ly
t sld

sis f

sid
r
d s t

sis fr

ly
t rti s
sidi
s d i
ti
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Er

t ‡ Gr
t
r i
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dir
t
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t s ll t rds s ll
t
rris
s rt
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t
rris
lr

s.
Encouragement
to new growth ‡ 2he establishment of small
centres in small industrial complexes in rural areas
towns and rural can increase employment .
areas

Problem of ‡ 2he choice of techni ues must be

choice of adjusted to employment objecti es
techni ues rather than on capital intensi e
methods.

‡ 2he education system must be

Re amping di ersified to offer more short-term
education system ocational courses , which can
cater to local employment needs.
 ‡ 2his scheme was launched on 2nd
National Rural
Rebruary ,2006 to provide
Employment
employment to people in rural
Guarantee Scheme
areas.
‡ 2his scheme was introduced in
1972 to provide job to the
Employment
registered job-seekers in rural
Guarantee Scheme
areas within 15 days of
registration
National Rural ‡ Launched on 15th august,1980
Employment with the object of full utilisation
Programme of human and material resources.

˜2his scheme was devised in the year

Jawaharlal Nehru 1989, with a view to provide
Rojgar Yojna
employment to the youth in 125
districts.