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The World Through Our

Senses
Chapter 1
Vocabulary
 Sense – ability  to feel with your organs 
 Stimulus/stimuli – change around us that is
detected by the sensory organ
 Receptor – any structure of the body which
produces an messages on receiving a stimuli
 Impulse – information that is send to the brain

 Response – an action after receiving stimulus

 Effectors – organs that response after


receiving stimulus
Sensory Organs and Their Stimuli
 Generally human being has 5 types of senses.
 The senses help us to detect objects ,changes
in the surrounding and to experience things
around
 The 5 senses are sense of sight, hearing, taste,
smell and touch
 Organs in the body which has particular sense are
known as sensory organs.
 Changes or objects that can be detected by our
sensory organs are known as stimuli/stimulus
 For example the eye detect light stimulus and
therefore we have the sense of sight.
 The ear can detect sound stimulus and therefore
we have sense of hearing.

Sensory Organs and Their Stimuli
Type of Sensory Stimulus / stimuli
Sense organs

Touch Skin Touch, pressure,


pain, cold, heat
Smell Nose Chemical
Taste Tongue Chemical
Hearing Ear Sound
Sight Eye Light
The Pathways from Stimulus to
Response
 Stimulus

 Sensory organs

 Nerves

 Brain

 Nerves

 Effectors (Response)

Our Sense of Touch
Our Sense of Touch
 The skin detects touch, pressure, temperature
and pain
 Skin has two main layer epidermis and
dermis
 Epidermis is very thin layer of dead cells
which protect the surface of body
 Dermis is a layer consisting living cells, blood
capillaries, sweat glands and nerves
Functions of different Skin
Receptors
Receptors Functions
Touch receptor Detect very light touches
Pressure receptor Heavy touch or pressure of
something pushing on our skin

Heat receptor Detects temperature that is


hotter than normal
Cold receptor Detects temperature that is
colder than normal
Pain receptor (we have less Detects stimuli in the forms
pain receptor) of extreme temperature (cold
or hot) or pressure
The sensitivity of the Skin
 The sensitivity of the skin depends on the
number of receptors and the thickness
of epidermis
 Area with more receptors are very sensitive to
stimuli
 Lips, fingertips have a lot of touch receptor.
Back of the body has less touch receptor
 The back of the hand has a lot of heat and
cold receptors
 Areas with thick epidermis are less sensitive
for example elbow and knee

Our Sense of Hearing and Sound
Funne l
Functions of Different Parts of
Human Ear
Parts of human ear Function
Out Pinna Collects sound waves (vibrating air) and
er directs the sound waves down the ear
Ear Ear canal canal
Directs the sound wave to ear drum
Eardrum The sound waves strikes eardrum and
cause it to vibrate. Eardrum transmits
the sound to the ossicles
Mid Ossicles Amplifies the sound wave before
dle transmitting to the oval window
Ear Oval window When the oval window vibrate it makes
the fluid in the cochlea to vibrate
Eustachian tube Equalises the air pressure on both sides
of the eardrum, preventing it from damage
Inn Cochlea Detects vibration and converts them to
er Auditory nerves nerve impulse
Send impulse/message to brain which
Ear interprets the message as sound
Semicircular canals Balance the body position
The Hearing Mechanism
 The pinna collects sound waves and directs the
sound wave down the ear canal
 The sound waves travel along the ear canal and
strike the eardrum causing it to vibrate.
 The eardrum transfers the vibration to the ossicles
and the ossicles amplify the sound waves to
almost 20 times before transferring it to the oval
window
 When the oval window vibrate it causes the fluid in
the cochlea to vibrate as well
 The cochlea produces nerve impulses and send the
impulses through auditory nerves
 The brain interpret the message / impulses as
sounds
Properties of sound
 Sound is produced through vibration of
objects
 The kinetic energy is changed to sound energy

 Sound needs a medium to travel

 Solid, liquid and gas (air)

 Sound cannot travel in vacuum

 Sound travels fastest in solid, followed by


liquid and gas
 Sound can be reflected into different
direction by hard and smooth surfaces.
 Sound can be absorbed by soft and porous
surfaces
Limitations on Hearing
 Average human can hear sound wave
frequencies from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
 people has different limitations of hearing

 As we grow old the ear drum becomes less


sensitive
 Devices that helps us to hear

a)Stethoscope – to hear soft sound of our heart


beat
b)Loud speaker – amplify the sound
c)Hearing aid – rectifies defect in hearing
Stereophonic hearing
 Involves the use of two ears to listen
 Stereophonic hearing help us to detect the
direction of a sound
 When a sound comes from the right, our right
ear detects the sound slightly earlier than
left ear.
 The sound heard by right ear is louder than
left ear
 The brain can interpret that the sound comes
from the right
Our Sense of Smell

The  nasal c avity is line d with muc o us

Che mic als in the  air will disso lve  in the  muc o us

The  sme ll re c e pto rs are  stimulate d and the  


re c e pto r se nds o ut impulse s to  the  brain thro ugh 
the  ne rve s
If so me  o ne  c atc he s c o ld the  no se  pro duc e s to o  
muc h muc o us this pre ve nts c he mic als fro m 
stimulating the  sme ll re c e pto r 
Our Sense of taste

 The chemicals in the food will dissolve in the


saliva
 The dissolved chemical will stimulate the taste
receptors to produce nerve impulses
 Message are sent to the brain and the taste in
identified
The connection between sense of
taste and smell
 The nasal cavity and the mouth cavity is
connected
 When we chew food some chemicals from the
mouth move into the nasal cavity and
stimulate the smell receptors
 Both senses are needed to detect the flavour
of food.
 If you catch cold food is less tasty

 If you want to eat unpleasant tasting


medicine, pinch our nose ( especially
Chinese medicine)
Our Sense of Sight and Light
Our Sense of Sight and Light
Functions of Different Parts of
Human Eye
Parts Function
Sclera Protects and maintain the shape of the eye
Choroid ball
Supplies nutrients and oxygen to the eye.
Retina Avoid
Detectsreflection
light andinconverts
eye it to impulses
Blind spot Images that falls in on this spot cannot
be detected
Yellow spot The most sensitive part on retina. Images
that we see is formed here
Optical Carries nerve impulse to the brain
nerve
Lens It refracts and focuses light on the
Iris retina
Controls the size of the pupil
Cornea Curved surface that help refract light
onto the retina
Functions of Different Parts of
Human Eye
Parts Functions
Conjunctiva Protects the cornea
Pupil Controls the amount of light entering the
eye
Vitreous Maintain the shape of the eyeball.
humour Helps focus image onto the retina
Absorbs vibration to the eye
Aqueous Maintain the shape of the eyeball.
humour Helps focus image onto the retina

Ciliary body Contracts and relaxes to change the thickness


of the lens

Suspensory Holds the lens in its position


ligaments
The sight mechanism in eyes

The  lig ht fro m an o bje c t e nte rs the  e ye  


thro ugh the  corne a
Light e nte rs the  e ye  thro ugh the  pupil

Pupil allo w the  amo unt o f light that c an e nte r 


the  e ye
The  le ns fo c use s the  lig ht to  fo rm image  o n 
the  re tina

The sight mechanism in eye

Re tina re c e ive s light stimulus and c o nve rt it into  


ne rve  impulse s
Optic  ne rve  se nds the  ne rve  impulse  to  the  brain 
fo r inte rpre tatio n
The  image  fo rme d is re al,  inverte d and smalle r 
than the  obje ct.  
Whe n the  we  lo o k at ne ar o bje c ts the  le ns 
be c o me s thic ke r
Whe n we  lo o k at distant o bje c t the  le ns be c o me  
thinne r

Short sightedness (myopia)

 Happens when someone can see near objects


but distant objects looks fuzzy (blur)
 The reason : Eye ball too long and lense too
thick
 Image will fall infront of the retina and not on
the retina
 We correct short sightedness using concave
lens
Long sightedness (hyperopia)

 Happens when someone can see far away


objects but nearby objects looks fuzzy (blur)
 The reason : Eye ball too short and lense too
thin
 Image will fall behind the retina and not on
the retina
 We correct long sightedness using convex
lens
 Astigmatism
 A vision condition that causes blurred vision.

 The reason : Irregular shape of the cornea or


irregular shape of eye lens
 We correct astigmatism by using spectacles,
contact lenses and also laser surgery
and asymetrical lens

Properties of light
 Light travels in straight line

 Light does not need a medium to travel


 An object which allow light to pass through it
completely are known as transparent
objects
 Opaque – light cannot pass through this
objects
 Translucent – some light is allowed to travel
Reflection of light
 When light falls on an object some light will be
absorbed and some light reflected.
 The reflected light enters our eye and enable
us to see the object





 If the surface is flat, shiny and smooth law
of reflection will be fulfilled
 Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection


Refraction
 Refraction happens when light enters from one
medium through another medium which has
different densities.
 The 90 degree line which drawn at the point light
enters is called normal
 When light enter from less dense medium to a
denser medium light ray bends towards the
normal
 When light enter from denser medium to a less
dense medium light ray bendsaway from the
normal
 If the ray enters at right angle from one
medium to another medium, the ray will
move in straight line
Ray of light travelling from less dense 
Refraction medium (e.g. air) to more dense medium 
Angle of incidence (e.g. glass) changes direction or bends – 
called Refraction. 

i de
nt 
c i
Air In y
A normal (90o) to point where the light 
ra enters dense medium (glass) shows ray 
Glass bending into the normal.
r
 
edt
ra frac
Re
y

Angle of refra
ction
Image formed on a mirror

Imag e  is
Upright

virtual ( c anno t be  fo rme d o n a sc re e n)

e qual in size  o f the  o bje c t

same  distanc e  fro m the  mirro r as the  o bje c t


Limitation of eye sight
 We cannot see very tiny objects or distant
objects.
 We also cannot see bones and organs
inside our body or an object.
 Other limitations are optical illusion due to
misinterpretation by the brain
Optical illusion
Optical illusion
Optical illusion
Optical illusion
Optical illusion
Optical illusion
Optical illusion
Optical Illusion
 Can You Read This?
 Fi yuo cna raed tihs, yuo hvae a sgtrane mnid too.
Cna yuo raed tihs? Olny 55 plepoe out of 100
can. I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty
uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal
pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig to a
rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it dseno't
mtaetr in waht oerdr the ltteres in a wrod are,
the olny iproamtnt tihng is taht the frsit and lsat
ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a
taotl mses and you can sitll raed it whotuit a
pboerlm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos
not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a
wlohe. Azanmig huh? Yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot
slpeling was ipmorantt!
Devices to overcome limitation of
sight
Device Function
Magnifying glass Made of convex lens, up to 10 – 15 x
Microscope Magnification up to 300 t0 2000 times
Telescope Electron
To microscope
see distant objects– up to 1 million
Binoculars times
A pair of telescope, but we use both the
Ultrasound eyes.
To scan organ and foetus in mother’s
scanning
X- device
Ray machine Stereoscopic vision
wombhigh energy
Uses radiation that penetrate
Magnetic solid magnetic
Uses objects. Image captured
field to in
create image,
resonance
Periscope imaging photographic
Can
Usescreate anyfilm
mirrors, cross
used bysection of human
submarines
body
Ultrasound scanning
 In ultrasound scanning, a device called a
transducer emits high-frequency sound waves
and receives their echoes to produce images of
internal organs.
 Ultrasound scanning of the abdomen is often used
to investigate the liver, the gallbladder, and the
kidneys.
 To produce good contact between the transducer
and the abdomen, gel is placed on the skin over
the area to be examined.
 The radiographer moves the transducer over the
area, using gentle pressure, and images from it
are displayed on a monitor. The procedure is
painless and safe.
 Cant use it for brain, lungs and intestine
ultrasound
Stereoscopic and monocular vision
MRI
Mirage    ­­­­     Total Internal Reflection of light from sky

Li
s k gh t
y  r
ay
s f
ro
m
 
Cool air High density

Warm air

Hot air  Low density
48
Hot ground
Stimuli and responses in Plant
 Plants can also response to stimuli
 The parts which response are usually shoots
and the roots
 Plants response to 3 main stimuli – light,
water and gravity
 Some plant response to touch and
temperature
 There are two types of responses tropism and
nastic movements
Tropism
 Are growth response of plants to external
stimuli
 Tropism occurs slowly and they are not
noticeable
 The growth of plant is in certain direction as
response to the stimuli
 When growth is towards stimulus it is called
positive tropism
 When growth is away from the stimulus it is
called negative tropism

Phototropism
 Is growth movement in response to light
 Shoots grows towards light and shows
positive phototropism
 Roots grows way from light and shows
negative phototropism
 The shoots ensure that the leaves receive
enough light for photosynthesis
Geotropism
 Is growth movement in response to gravity
 No matter how seed is planted it can detect
gravity and the root grow towards that
direction
 Roots grows downwards and shows
positive geotropism
 Shoots grows upwards and shows negative
geotropism
Hydrotropism
 Is growth movement in response to water
 Roots grows towards water and shows
positive hydrotropism
 The response of root towards water is
stronger than their response to gravity
 Minerals dissolved in water therefore the
positive hydrotropism enables the plan to
get sufficient water and minerals for normal
growth

Thigmotropism
 Is growth movement in response to touch
or contact with solid structure
 Many climbing plants show this type of
response
 These plants have weak stems and they rely
on other objects to keep them upright
 Cucumber and bitter gourd use their
tendrils to wrap around supporting objects
 When the tendrils touch solid object it wrap
around it
 Morning glory and bean plants curl their stems
around supporting structure
Nastic movement
 This movements made by plants in response
to external stimuli that comes from any
direction
 The movement does not depend on direction
of the stimuli
 Seismonastic is nastic movement in response
to touch
 Mimosa pudica (touch me not plant) will fold
its leaves when it is touched
 Carnivorous plant such as venus fly trap
insects when insects seats on the leaves
 Moon flower plant open when its get dark and
closes when there is light
Answer PG 6
 4) Tip of tongue
 5) To prevent the taste of solution to left on
the tongue from affecting the taste of
another solution
 6) To dissolve the chemicals in the food so that
it can stimulate the taste receptors
 7) To produce impulses after detecting the
stimulus (taste) and sent it to the brain
 8) Brain
 10) Pain, Heat, Cold
 Conclusion – different region of the tongue are
sensitive to different type of taste
Answer PG 7
 1 a) sense of taste
 b) sense of smell and sense of taste

 2) Same taste

 3) The second groundnut is tastier because


the garlic smell adds to the taste of the
second groundnut
 4) Excessive amount of mucus blocks the
smell receptor and smell cannot be
detected. Absence of smell makes food less
tastier

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