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d (x
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d
dx
F(x) = f(x)  f(x) dx = F(x) + c
c is a constant
of integration
Differentiation Integration
d 2
dx
(x ) = 2x  2x dx = x2

d 2
dx
(x + 3) = 2x  2x dx = x2 + 3

d 2
dx
(x – 4) = 2x  2x dx = x2 – 4

d 2
dx
(x + k) = 2x  2x dx = x2 + k

c
Example 1:
Show that d ln(x +  x2 + 1) = 1 .
dx  x2 + 1
1 .
Hence, find  x2 + 1 dx
Solution :
Let y = ln(x +  x2 + 1) = ln[x + (x2 + 1)½]

dy = 1
1 + ½ (x 2
+ 1) –½
(2x)
dx x + x + 1
2

1
=
x +  x2 + 1
Solution :
Let y = ln(x +  x2 + 1) = ln[x + (x2 + 1)½]
dy = 1
1 + ½ (x 2
+ 1) –½
(2x)
dx x + x + 1
2

1 x
= 1 +
x +  x2 + 1 (x2 + 1)½
1 x
= 1 +
x +  x2 + 1  x2 + 1
1  x2 + 1 + x 1
= = 2
x + x + 1
2
x +1
2
x +1

shown
 Example 1:
 Show that d ln(x +  x2 + 1) = 1 .
dx  x2 + 1
1 .
 Hence, find  x2 + 1 dx

Solution :
Integration is the reverse process of
differentiation :
1 .
 x + 1 dx = ln(x +  x + 1) + c
2
2
 Example 2:
dy
Given that y = (x – 4)x + 2 , find with
dx
x
respect to x. Hence, find  x + 2 dx
Solution
u : v
y = (x – 4)x + 2 /dx = v du/dx + u dv/dx
dy

= (x – 4)(x + 2)½
dy
= (x + 2) (1) + (x – 4) ( ½ )( x + 2 ) –½ ( 1 )
dx
 Example 2:
dy
Given that y = (x – 4)x + 2 , find with
x dx

respect to x. Hence, find x + 2
dx
Solutionu : v
y = (x – 4)x + 2 dy
/ dx = v du
/ dx + u dv
/dx
= (x – 4)(x + 2)½
dy
= (x + 2) (1) + (x – 4) ( ½ )( x + 2 ) –½ ( 1 )
dx
(x – 4) = 2(x + 2) + (x – 4)
= (x + 2) +
2x + 2 2x + 2
= 3x
2x + 2
 Example 2:
 Given that y = (x – 4)x + 2 , find dy with
dx
x
 respect to x. Hence, find  x + 2 dx
dy 3x
= , y = (x – 4)x + 2
dx 2x + 2
same
Not same
x 2 3 x
 x + 2 dx =  3 2 x + 2 dx
= 2 3 x
3  2 x + 2
dx

= 2 (x – 4)x + 2 + c
3
 Differentiation Integration
d n+1
dx
x = (n + 1)xn  xn dx =  (n + 1)x n
dx
(n + 1)

Not same
same
 Differentiation Integration
d n+1
dx
x = (n + 1)xn  xn dx =  (n + 1)x n
dx
(n + 1)
1
=
n+1  (n + 1)x n
dx

= 1 xn+1 + c
x n+1 n+1
 xn dx = n + 1 + c x n+1
= + c ,n1
n+1
 Example 1: Example 2:
 x dx = –3 + 1 + c
x 2x⅓ dx = 2 ⅓ + 1 + c
x
–3+1 ⅓+1
–3

x–2 x4/3
= +c = 2 4 +c
-2 /3
= _ ___
1 = 2x 3 x4/3
+c +c
2x2 24
3x4/3
= ___
+c
2
Example 3 :

 (x2 – 3)2 dx =  (x4 – 6x2 + 9) dx

=  x4 dx –  6x2 dx +  9 dx
= x5 – 6x2+1 + 9x + c
5 2+1
= x5 – 6x3 + 9x + c
5 3
= x5 – 2x3 + 9x + c
5

 [f(x)  g(x)] dx =  f(x) dx   g(x) dx

 Differentiation Integration
d 1
dx
ln x = 1 = -1  x dx = ln x + c
x -x
-1 dx = ln x + c
 -x

1
 x
dx = ln |x| + c
 1
dx = ln |x| + c
x
Example 1 : Example 2 :
6 dx = 6  1 dx 1 . dx = _ 1 1 dx
 x x  -2x

2 x
= 6 ln |x| + c = _ 1 ln |x| + c
2

 kf(x) dx = k  f(x) dx
Example 3:

2x + 3 dx =
 x
 2 + 3 dx
x
=  2 dx +  3 dx
x
= 2x + 3 ln |x| + c
 Differentiation Integration
d x
dx
e = ex
 ex dx = ex + c

d
dx
sin x = cos x  cos x dx = sin x + c

d
dx
cos x = -sin x  sin x dx = -cos x + c
 Differentiation Integration
d
dx
tan x = sec2 x  sec2 x = tan x + c

d
dx
cot x = - cosec2 x cosec 2
x = - cot x + c

d
dx
sec x = sec x tan x  sec x tan x = sec x + c
 Differentiation Integration

d
dx
cosec x  cosec x cot x
= - cosec x cot x = - cosec x + c
 x n+1
 xn dx = n + 1 + c
 sec2 x = tan x + c
1
 x dx =  ln |x| + c  cosec 2
x = - cot x + c

 ex dx = ex + c  sec x tan x

 cos x dx = sin x + c = sec x + c

 ex dx = ex + c  cosec x cot x
 sin x dx = -cos x + c = - cosec x + c
 cos x dx = sin x + c
 Example 1 :

a)  (3ex + 4 sin x) dx =

b)  (5sec2 x – 2 cos x) dx =

2 dx =
c) 
sin2 x
 Example 1 :

a)  (3ex + 4 sin x) dx =  3ex dx + 4 sin x dx

= 3  ex dx + 4  sin x dx

= 3ex – 4 cos x + c

 ex dx = ex + c  sin x dx = -cos x + c
 Example 1 :

b)  (5sec 2
- 2 cos x) dx

=  5sec 2
dx -  2 cos x dx
= 5  sec2 dx – 2  cos x dx

= 5 tan x – 2 sin x + c

 sec2 x = tan x + c  cos x dx = sin x + c

 Example 1 :
2 dx =
c)  sin2 x  2 cosec2 x dx

=2  cosec2 x dx

= -2 cot x + c

 cosec 2
x = - cot x + c
 1. Show that d
½ xe2x – ¼ e2x = xe2x
dx
Hence , find  2xe2x dx
v du/dx + u dv/dx
u v
Solution :
d d d 2x
½ xe – ¼ e = ½
2x 2x
xe – ¼ e
2x
dx dx dx
= ½ e2x (1) + x (2e2x) – ¼ ( 2e2x)

= ½ e2x + xe2x – ½ e2x

= xe2x shown
1. Show that d
½ xe2x – ¼ e2x = xe2x
dx
 Hence , find  2xe2x dx

Solution :

 2xe 2x
dx = 2  xe 2x
dx

= 2 ½ xe2x – ¼ e2x + c

= xe2x – ½ e2x + c
 2 d)  3 cos x – 1 dx
3x
=  3 cos x dx – 
1 dx
3x
= 3  cos x dx – 1 1 dx

3 x

= 3 sin x – 1 ln |x| + c
3
1
 cos x dx = sin x + c  x
dx =  ln |x| + c
 cos3 x + 1 dx
3 a)  cos2 x
cos3 x 1
=  cos x
2
+
cos 2
x dx

=  cos x + sec x dx

=  cos x dx +  sec x dx
= sin x + tan x + c

 cos x dx = sin x + c  sec2 x = tan x + c