AC Machines

6077 SA
NUE 046
 1 Phase Induction
Motors
At the end of this section you will be able to:

• Identify the basic components of a 1Ø induction motor

• List the types of rotors used
• Test motor windings for suitability to connect to the supply
• Connect in both Clockwise and counter clockwise rotation
• List the steps for dismantling it
 Types
Squirrel Cage • Split phase
• Capacitor start
• Capacitor start Capacitor run
• Permanent split phase capacitor run
• Shaded Pole

Wound Rotor • Series universal

• Repulsion
Construction
Construction
Run or Main Windings
1. Low resistance
2. High XL
3. Set deeper in laminations to increase XL

Start or Auxiliary Windings

1. High resistance (thinner wire)
2. Low XL (fewer turns)
3. Set shallower in laminations to limit XL
 Electrical Characteristics
IRef

Run Winding IS

Large phase Angle due to high Inductance

IR

Start Winding
Phase Angle less, as Inductance is less than run winding
 Split Phase Motor
Construction

Switch opens ≈ 70 – 80%

full load speed Low resistance
High XL

High resistance
Low XL
Split Phase Motor
Construction
Low resistance

High resistance
Capacitor Start
Split Phase Motor
Motor
Construction
Electrical Characteristics
Capacitor Start
Torque = K IR IS sinα
K = constant
α = Angle between IRand IS

IRef

IS Split Phase

IR
Construction
Construction
Shaded Pole
Shaded Pole
Shaded Pole
Shaded Pole
Shaded Pole
Reluctance Motor
1Φ Synchronous Machine
• Low efficiency
• Low torque
• Constant Speed
• Fractional sizes
 Reluctance Motor
Stator
Same as:
Split phase
or
Capacitor Start Motor
 Reluctance Motor
Rotor
Same as:
Squirrel cage motor
BUT, with
Uneven slots cut into laminations to
form Salient poles

Uneven slots assist in starting

Rotor Slots generally ≠ Stator Slots
 Reluctance Motor
Starting
• As per induction motor with squirrel cage providing torque
• Centrifugal switch operating as per normal(75%)
• As motor is lightly loaded slip speed is small
• Rotor salient poles become magnetised and lock with RMF

Motor becomes Synchronous

 Reluctance Motor
If rotor poles are a multiple of the stator poles

Motor will operate at sub-multiples

of synchronous speed
 Hysteresis Motor
Rotor
• Outer section made up of hardened steel
 Hysteresis Motor
Rotor
• Outer section made up of hardened steel

• This outer section supported on the shaft by a NON-MAGNETIC “Arbour”

 Hysteresis Motor
• Rotor has a very high Hysteresis loss

• The rotor tends to become magnetised

• A synchronous motor is born

PROBLEM
Synchronous motors have ZERO START TOURQUE!
A Shaded pole stator is used
 Universal Motor
Not the same as a series DC Motor

Fields are laminated for AC current

Universal Motor
Universal Motor