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Urbanization, and
Immigration
1865-1924
Industrial Growth
• Between 1865 and 1900, the u.s. experienced
unprecedented economic growth
• 1860 manufacturers had about $2 billion in value by
1900 they had over $11 billion
• Iron ore production nearly quadrupled from 7 million
long-tons to 27 million long-tons
• Steel output rose from less than 1 million tons to over
11 million tons
• GNP tripled during that time
• Railroad mileage increased from 30,000 to 250,000
miles
Rise of Big Business
• By 1900 the American economy was dominated by business
monopolies or trusts, huge business empires that virtually
controlled key sectors of the economy and dominated social
and political life
• Trusts in sugar, cotton, tobacco, meat, flour, and even whiskey
• Number of industrial combinations rose from 12 to 305
between 1887 and 1903
• 2,600 smaller firms disappeared
• By 1900, 1 % of all companies produced 40% of the
manufacturing output
• GAPE saw the rise of the modern corporation
• Used 14th Amendment to gain “personhood” and rights
Immigration Statistics
• 1860-1920 -- aprox. 30 million European
immigrants
• 1880-1920 -- appox. 27 million European
immigrants
• 2 “Waves” of immigrants
• 1860-1890 -- (approx. 10mil) Britain, Ireland,
Germany, Scandinavia, Switzerland, Holland
• 1890-1920 -- (approx. 20mil) Italy, Greece,
Austro-Hungary, Russia, Romania, Turkey
Immigration Statistics
• Compare 1882 and 1907
• 1882 -- peak of “old” immigration
• 788,992 total immigrants
250,630 - German (highest ever)
179,423 - Britain and Ireland
105,326 - Scandinavia
32,159 - Italy
29,150 - Hapsburg Empire
16,918 - Russia and Baltic States
• 87% from NW Europe and 13% from southern and
eastern Europe
Immigration Statistics
• 1907 -- peak of “new” immigration
• 1,285,349 total immigrants
• 19.3% from NW Europe
• 80.7% from S&E Europe
Between 1850 and 1882 the Chinese pop in the U.S. soared
from 7,520 to 300,000. Chinese comprised 8.6 percent of
California’s total pop and an impressive 25% of its wage
earners.
Chinese Immigrants
• By 1870, 26% of California’s Chinese population lived in
San Francisco and represented 46% of the labor force in
SF four key industries; boot and shoe making, woolen
cloth, cigar and tobacco manufacture, and sewing.